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CHAP 5

This document covers the coordinate system used in engineering for defining geographic positions, including latitude, longitude, elevation, and rectangular coordinates. It explains how to compute distances and azimuths between points, as well as the concepts of polar coordinates, azimuth, and bearings. The information is relevant for planning and designing infrastructure projects using geographic data.

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SamuelErmiyas
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9 views12 pages

CHAP 5

This document covers the coordinate system used in engineering for defining geographic positions, including latitude, longitude, elevation, and rectangular coordinates. It explains how to compute distances and azimuths between points, as well as the concepts of polar coordinates, azimuth, and bearings. The information is relevant for planning and designing infrastructure projects using geographic data.

Uploaded by

SamuelErmiyas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit # 5

“Coordinate System”
Lecture # 14: Coordinate System.
Introduction.
Topics: 5.1 Latitude, Longitude,
and elevation
5.2 Rectangular
coordinate system
5.3 Location by angle
and distance (Polar coordinates)
5.4 Azimuth and
bearings of lines
5. Coordinate System.
Introduction
• In all facets of engineering planning and design, the use of coordinates to
define geographic position of survey points. Computerized land – titles
systems now use rectangular coordinates to define the location of:-
 property corners.
 Highways,
dams,
mass transit systems, and
urban renewal projects are being planed and designed using computerized
data files that include such information as topography, land use, drainage
features, population distribution, and soil types.
• The government’s Bureau of the Census is putting all the census
information into a geographic reference framework so that the
information can be readily used in all types of planning activities.
5.1 Latitude, Longitude, and
elevation
• One of the most commonly used coordinate systems for defining
geographic position on a global basic is the geographic coordinate
system. In this system, the position of a point is defined by its latitude,
longitude, and elevation.
• Latitude to the north or south of the equator
• i.e from 00 to 900 north and 00 to 900 south
.
• Longitude=value between 00 and 1800
• P is 430 N and P is 610 W
• The elevation of a point, P, is defined a
vertical distance above a reference datum,
such as mean sea level
5.2 Rectangular coordinate
system
• In a rectangular coordinate system, the
horizontal position of a point is defined by its
X – and Y- coordinates with respect to a set of
X- and Y – axes; and its vertical position is
defined by its elevation with respect to a
reference datum, such as mean sea level,
• E.g. in figure below, the position of point P is
defined by its coordinates Xp, Yp and hp.
The inverse problem
• If the X – and Y – coordinates of two points are
known, the horizontal distance and azimuth of
the line joining the two point can be computed:
________________
dij = √ ( Xj – Xi )2 + (Yj – Yi)2
• The azimuth άij , of the line going from I to j can be
computed from the following expression:
• The azimuth άij = tan-1 (Xj – Xi)
(Yj –Yi)
Traditionally, the difference in X – coordinates (Xj –
Xi) is called the departure of the line, the
difference in Y – coordinates (Yj – Yi) is called the
latitude of the line
5.3 Location by angle and distance
(polar coordinates)
• Referring to the next figure let i and j be two
points of known coordinates.
• The horizontal coordinates of the new point k,
can be determined by measuring the horizontal
angle β and the distance dik,
• By angle and distance
• Azimuth: is the angle measured from the North to a specific line on
the earth’s surface, its value is between 00 and 3600 and it is always
clockwise measured.
• The azimuth is identified by its quadrant as follow:
• Azimuth between 00 and 900-----------First quadrant (fourth Quadrant)
(First Quadrant)

• Azimuth between 900 and 1800 ------second quadrant


• Azimuth between 1800 and 2700 -----third quadrant
• Azimuth between 2700 and 3600 ----fourth quadrant

(scond Quadrant)
(third Quadrant)
Inverse Azimuth:
•If direct azimuth of the line A – B is 230 30’ then we can say that inverse
azimuth of the line A – B is its direct Azimuth + 1800 , if we consider B – A
as direct Azimuth can say that inverse Azimuth is 2030 30’ – 1800. Thus:
•Inverse Azimuth = Direct azimuth ± 1800
2. Bearing:
It is the angle measured from the north or south of the meridian,
clockwise or anticlockwise depending on its quadrant, it is an oriented
angle, its orientation also depends upon its quadrant as follow:

NE (clockwise)
SE (anti clockwise)
SW (clockwise
NW (anti clockwise

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