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38c8f56a868203ba1a56a420d9695acc

The document covers key concepts related to real numbers for 10th-grade students, including Euclid's Division Lemma, algorithms for finding HCF and LCM, and the distinction between rational and irrational numbers. It explains the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic and provides methods for prime factorization to determine HCF and LCM. Additionally, it outlines the characteristics of rational numbers and their decimal expansions.

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14 views17 pages

38c8f56a868203ba1a56a420d9695acc

The document covers key concepts related to real numbers for 10th-grade students, including Euclid's Division Lemma, algorithms for finding HCF and LCM, and the distinction between rational and irrational numbers. It explains the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic and provides methods for prime factorization to determine HCF and LCM. Additionally, it outlines the characteristics of rational numbers and their decimal expansions.

Uploaded by

pg8398215
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Real Numbers

CLASS 10TH

@mathswithrishi
Objectives
 EUCLID’S DIVISION LEMMA
 ALGORITHM
 LEMMA
 EUCLID’S DIVISION ALGORITHM
 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
 PRIME FACTORISATION METHOD TO FIND HCF AND LCM
 RATIONAL NUMBERS
 IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
 RATIONAL NUMBERS AND THEIR DECIMAL EXPANSIONS

@mathswithrishi
EUCLID’S DIVISION LEMMA

Given positive integers a and b, there exist unique integers q and r satisfying a =
bq + r, where
0£r<b.
Here we call ‘a’ as dividend, ‘b’ as divisor, ‘q’ as quotient, and ‘r’ as remainder.
\ Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient) + Remainder
If in Euclid’s lemma r = 0 then b would be HCF of ‘a’ and ‘b’.

@mathswithrishi
NATURAL NUMBERS
Counting numbers are called natural numbers i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, are natural
numbers.
WHOLE NUMBERS
All counting numbers/natural numbers along with 0 are called whole numbers
i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
……………. are whole numbers.
INTEGERS
All natural numbers, negative of natural numbers and 0, together are called
integers.
i.e. ………. – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, are integers.

@mathswithrishi
ALGORITHM
An algorithm is a series of well-defined steps that gives a procedure for
solving a type of problem.
LEMMA
A lemma is a proven statement used for proving another statement.

@mathswithrishi
EUCLID’S DIVISION ALGORITHM

Euclid’s division algorithm is a technique to compute the Highest Common Factor


(HCF) of two given positive integers. Recall that the HCF of two positive integers a
and b is the largest positive integer d that divides both a and b.

@mathswithrishi
To obtain the HCF of two positive integers, say a and b, with a >
b, follow the steps below:

Step 1 : Apply Euclid’s division lemma, to a and b. So, we find whole numbers,
q, and r such that a = bq + r, 0 £ r < b.
Step 2 : If r = 0, b is the HCF of a and b. If r ¹ 0 apply the division lemma to b
and r.
Step 3: Continue the process till the remainder is zero. The divisor at this stage
will be the required HCF.

This algorithm works because HCF (a, b) = HCF (b, r) where the symbol HCF (a,
b) denotes the HCF of a and b, etc.

@mathswithrishi
The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

Every composite number can be expressed (factorized) as a product of primes,


and this factorization is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors
occur.
The prime factorization of a natural number is unique, except for the order of its
factors.
 HCF is the highest common factor also known as GCD i.e. greatest common
divisor.

 LCM of two numbers is their least common multiple.


 Property of HCF and LCM of two positive integers ‘a’ and ‘b’:

@mathswithrishi
@mathswithrishi
PRIME FACTORISATION METHOD TO FIND HCF AND
LCM

HCF(a, b) = Product of the smallest power of each common


prime factor in the numbers.

LCM(a, b) = Product of the greatest power of each prime factor,


involved in the numbers.

@mathswithrishi
Q.Find the LCM of 20 and 12 by the prime
factorization method.

Solution:

Step 1: To find LCM of 20 and 12, write each number as a product of prime factors.

20 = 2×2×5 = 22×5
12 = 2×2×4 = 22×4

Step 2: Multiply all the prime factors with the highest degree.
Here we have 2 with the highest power 2 and other prime factors 3
and 5. Multiply all these to get LCM.

LCM of 209 and 12 = 2×2×3×5 = 60

@mathswithrishi
Q.Find the HCF of 20 and 12 by the prime factorization
method.

Solution:
Step 1: To find the HCF of 20 and 12, write each number as a product of
prime factors.

20 = 2×2×5 = 22×5
12 = 2×2×4 = 22×4

Step 2: Multiply all the prime factors with the lowest degree.
Here we have only 2 as a common prime factor with the
lowest power of 2.

HCF of 209 and 12 =22 = 2×2 = 4 @mathswithrishi


Difference Between Rational Numbers and
Irrational Numbers

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers


 Numbers that can be expressed  Numbers that cannot be
as a ratio of two numbers (p/q expressed as a ratio of two
form) are rational numbers. numbers are irrational numbers.
 The decimal expansion of  The decimal expansion of
rational numbers is either irrational numbers is non-
terminating or recurring. terminating and non-recurring.
 Both the numerator and  Irrational numbers cannot be
denominator are integers, in written in fractional form.
which the denominator is not  Example: √5, √11
equal to zero.
 Example: 3/2 = 1.5, 3.6767

@mathswithrishi
RATIONAL NUMBERS AND THEIR DECIMAL
EXPANSIONS

@mathswithrishi
Theorem 1: If m be any rational number whose decimal expansion is
terminating in nature, then m can be expressed in form of p/q, where p
and q are co-primes and the prime factorization of q is of the form 2 x5y,
where x and y are non-negative integers.

Theorem 2: If m is a rational number, which can be represented as the


ratio of two integers i.e. p/q, and the prime factorization of q takes the
form 2x5y, where x and y are non-negative integers then, then it can be
said that m has a decimal expansion which is terminating.

@mathswithrishi
Theorem 3: If m is a rational number, which can be represented as the
ratio of two integers i.e. p/q and the prime factorization of q does not
take the form 2x5y, where x and y are non-negative integers. Then, it can
be said that m has a decimal expansion which is non-terminating
repeating (recurring).
Consider the following examples:,

@mathswithrishi
The End

@mathswithrishi

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