CE 3121

Engineering Hydraulics

Course Co-ordinator:
Dr. Anupam Chowdhury
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering, RUET
Email: [email protected]
 Course Contents

• Theory and analysis of gradually varied flow

• Computation of flow profiles
• Hydraulic jump
• Impact of water jet
• Principles of hydraulic machines: pumps-Reciprocating and
Centrifugal pump
 Reference Books

• Open Channel Flow Hydraulics – Ven Te Chow

• A textbook of Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines – R. S.

Khurmi

•A textbook of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines- R. K. Bansal

•Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics including Hydraulics Machines – P. N. Modi

and S. M. Seth.
 Open Channel Flow

Open Channel Flow is defined as fluid flow with a free surface open to the
atmosphere.
Examples: streams, rivers and culverts not flowing full.
Open channel flow assumes that the pressure at the surface is constant and
the hydraulic grade line is at the surface of the fluid.
Classifications of Open Channel Flow
Classification based on the time criterion:
1. Steady Flow (time independent)
(discharge and water depth do not change with time)
2. Unsteady Flow (time dependent)
(discharge and water depth at any section change with time)

Classification based on the space criterion:

3. Uniform flow (are mostly steady)
(discharge and water depth remains the same at every section in
the channel)
2. Non-uniform Flow/Varied flow
(discharge and water depth change at any section in the channel)

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a) Uniform flow are mostly b) Unsteady uniform flows
steady are very rare in nature

Water depth
Dischar
ge

c) Steady varied flow d) Unsteady varied flow (flood wave)

(over a spillway e) Unsteady varied flow (tidal surge)
crest)

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 Non-uniform flow is also called varied flow ( the flow in which the
water depth and or discharge change along the length of the channel),
it can be further classified as:

 Gradually varied flow (GVF): where the depth of the flow changes
gradually along the length of the channel.

 Rapidly varied flow (RVF): where the depth of flow changes

suddenly over a small length of the channel.

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a) Uniform flow are mostly b) Unsteady uniform flows
steady are very rare in nature

c) Steady varied flow d) Unsteady varied flow (flood wave)

(over a spillway e) Unsteady varied flow (tidal surge)
crest)

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Gradually-Varied Flow in Open Channels
 Gradually-Varied Flow

Gradually-Varied Flow: A steady non-uniform flow in a prismatic channel with

gradual changes in its water-surface elevation is named as gradually-varied flow (GVF).

Gradually varied flow (GVF) where the depth of the flow changes gradually along the

length of the channel.

 Dynamic Equation of Gradually Varied Flow
Objective: To get the relationship between the water surface slope and other characteristics
of flow.

The following assumptions are made in the derivation of the equation

1. The flow is steady.
2. The streamlines are practically parallel (true when the variation in depth along the
direction of flow is very gradual). Thus the hydrostatic distribution of pressure is assumed
over the section.
3. The loss of head at any section, due to friction, is equal to that in the corresponding
uniform flow with the same depth and flow characteristics. (Manning’s formula may be
used to calculate the slope of the energy line)
4. The slope of the channel is small.
5. The channel is prismatic.
6. The velocity distribution across the section is fixed.
7. The roughness
. coefficient is constant in the reach.

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Consider the profile of a gradually varied flow in a small length dx of an open
channel as shown in the figure below.
Y
The total head (H) at any
section is given by:

V2
H Z  y 
2g
dx X

Taking x-axis along the bed of the channel and differentiating the equation with
respect to x:

dH dZ dy d V2
    
dx dx dx dx  2 g 

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 • dH/dx = the slope of the energy line (Se).
• dZ/dx = the bed slope (S0) .
Therefore,
dy d  V 2 
 S e  S 0    
dx dx  2 g 
Multiplying the velocity term by dy/dy and transposing, we get

dy dy d  V 2  dy  d  V 2 
  S 0  S e  1     S 0  S e
dx dy dx  2 g  dx  dy  2 g  
or
dy S S
 0 e2
dx d V 
1  
dy  2 g 
This Equation is known as the dynamic equation of gradually varied flow. It gives
the variation of depth (y) with respect to the distance along the bottom of the
channel (x).
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 Gradually-Varied Flow
Derive the Basic Differential Equation for the Gradually-Varied Flow Water Surface
Profile:

dy/dx gives the variation of water depth along the channel in the flow direction.
S0 = Channel bed slope for uniform flow depth y0
Se = Energy slope
Fr = Froude number
Gradually-Varied Flow
dy S0  Se

dx d V2 
1  
dy 
 2g


 Gradually-Varied Flow
Classification of Flow Surface Profiles
For a given channel with a known Q = Discharge, n = Manning coefficient, and S 0 =
Channel bed slope, yc = critical water depth and y0 = Uniform flow depth can be
computed. There are three possible relations between y 0 and yc as 1) y0 > yc , 2) y0 < yc ,
3) y0 = yc .
For horizontal (S0 = 0), and adverse slope ( S0 < 0) channels,
 Gradually-Varied Flow

Classification of Flow Surface Profiles

Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
 Gradually-Varied Flow
Home Task
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Gradually-Varied Flow
Practice Problem
 See You Next Week!!!

Next Lecture.........

Computation of flow profiles