Lecture Presentation 1_EngMat
Lecture Presentation 1_EngMat
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• What is materials science and engineering?
• Materials science
– Investigate relationships between structures and
properties of materials
– Design/develop new materials
• Materials engineering
– Create products from existing materials
– Develop materials processing techniques
Chapter 1 - 2
Why Are Materials Important?
• Materials drive advancements in our society
– Stone Age
– Bronze Age
– Iron Age
Chapter 1 - 3
Materials: Artificial Hip Replacement
(cont.)
Hip joint problems can be painful and disabling
• Joint deterioration (loss of cartilage) as one ages
• Joint fracture
arrows point to
ends of fracture line
Chapter 1 - 5
Materials: Artificial Hip Replacement
(cont.)
Chapter 1 - 6
Materials: Artificial Hip
Replacement (continued)
Acetabular
Head shell and liner
(Ball)
Chapter 1 - 8
Materials: Artificial Hip Replacement
(cont.)
• Materials used
- Femoral stem — titanium or CoCrMo alloy
- Head (Ball) — CoCrMo alloy or Al2O3 (ceramic)
- Shell — titanium alloy
- Liner — polyethylene (polymer) or Al2O3 (ceramic)
Chapter 1 - 9
Why is it Important for Engineers to
Understand Materials?
• Products/devices/components that engineers
design are all made of materials
Chapter 1 - 10
Relationships Among Processing,
Structure, & Properties
• Processing (e.g., cooling rate of steel from high
temperature) affects structure (microstructure)
• Structure in turn effects hardness
ex: hardness vs structure of steel
Structure (d)
Property
600
Hardness (BHN)
30 μm
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 10.32(a) and
400 (b) 10.33 with 0.4 wt% C composition, and
(a) from Fig. 11.18, Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig. 10.19;
4 μm
300 (b) Fig. 9.30; (c) Fig. 10.34; and (d) Fig.
10.22, Callister & Rethwisch 10e. (Figures
30 μm 10.19, 10.22, & 10.34 copyright 1971 by United
200 30 μm States Steel Corporation. Figure 9.30 courtesy
of Republic Steel Corporation.)
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Processing
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
Chapter 1 - 11
Four Cornerstones of MSE
(Materials Tetrahedron)
• Melting/Solidification Processing
• Sintering
• Casting/Forging/Shaping
Performance
• Colloidal processing
• Vacuum deposition In the context of
• Bioprocessing applications
Structure
• Molecular-, nano-, micro-
& macro-structures
Properties
• Defect engineering • Mechanical, electrical,
optical, magnetic, thermal Chapter 1 -
Types of Materials
• Metals:
– Strong, ductile
– High thermal & electrical conductivities
– Opaque, reflective
Chapter 1 - 13
Materials Selection
Engineers often solve materials selection problems.
Procedure:
1. For a Specific Application Determine Required Properties
• Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
Chapter 1 - 14
Material Property Types
Chapter 1 - 15
Mechanical Properties
Affect of carbon content on the hardness of a
common steel:
Fig. 10.31, Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
[Data taken from Metals Handbook: Heat
320 Treating, Vol. 4, 9th edition, V. Masseria
(Managing Editor), 1981. Reproduced by
Brinell hardness
240
160
80
0 0.5 1 wt%C
Chapter 1 - 16
Electrical Properties
Factors that affect electrical resistivity – for copper:
6 Fig. 18.8, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
t%Ni [Adapted from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219
C u+ Ni
Company, New York, 1970.]
Resistivity, ρ
t%
(10-8 Ohm-m)
4 2 . 16 a t %Ni
+ 2 a
Cu +1 . 1
3 C u
e d
e fo rm % N i
d 2 a t
2 . 1
u +1
C
1 r e ” Cu
“Pu
0
T (°C)
-200 -100 0
• Increasing temperature increases resistivity.
• Increasing impurity content (e.g., Ni) increases resistivity.
• Deformation increases resistivity.
Chapter 1 - 17
Thermal Properties
Thermal Conductivity – measure of a material’s ability to
conduct heat
400
Thermal Conductivity
100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
Company, Inc.
100 μm
Chapter 1 - 19
Magnetic Properties
• Magnetic Storage: • Magnetic Permeability
-- Recording medium is vs. Composition:
magnetized by recording -- Adding 3 atomic % Si makes
write head. Fe a better recording medium!
Fe+3%Si
Magnetization
Fe
Magnetic Field
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
Fig. 20.23, Callister & Rethwisch 10e. A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of Engineering
(Courtesy of HGST, a Western Digital Company.) Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9, 1973.
(Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson
Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey.)
Chapter 1 - 20
Optical Properties
• The light transmittance of some materials depend on their
structural characteristics:
Aluminum oxide Aluminum oxide
Aluminum oxide single
polycrystalline material polycrystalline
crystal (high degree of
(having many small material having some
perfection)—is optically
grains)—is optically porosity—is optically
transparent
translucent opaque
(Specimen preparation, P.A. Lessing)
Chapter 1 - 21
Deteriorative Properties
• Small cracks formed in steel bar that was simultaneously
stressed and immersed in sea water
- Form of stress-corrosion cracking
Cracks
10-10
load
For Aluminum alloy 7178 that is stressed while immersed in a
saturated aqueous NaCl solution, crack growth rate is reduced by
heat treating (160C for 1 h prior to testing).
Chapter 1 - 23
Materials science and Materials engineering
Materials science involves
investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and
properties of materials.
to develop or synthesize new materials
Chapter 1 - 24
SUMMARY
• Appropriate materials and processing decisions
require engineers to understand materials and their
properties.
• Materials' properties depend on their structures;
structures are determined by how materials are
processed
• In terms of chemistry the three classifications of
materials are metals, ceramics, and polymers
• Most properties of materials fall into the following six
categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic,
optical, and deteriorative.
• An important role of engineers is that of materials
selection.
Chapter 1 - 25