Eye Introduction
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palwashakhann830Eye Introduction
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palwashakhann830BASIC ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE
ANATOM
Y
EMBRYOLOGY OF THE EYE
This highly specialized sensory organ is derived from neural
ectoderm, mesoderm and surface ectoderm.
The eye is essentially an outgrowth from the brain (neural
ectoderm).
Started as Optic vesicle connected to the forebrain by Optic
stalk.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE EYE
AFTER BIRTH
At birth, the eye is relatively large in relation to the rest of the
body.
The eye reaches full size by the age of 8-13 years.
The lens continues to enlarge throughout the life.
The iris has a bluish color due to little or no pigment on the
anterior surface.
During early infant life, the cornea & sclera can be stretched
by raised IOP → enlargement of the eye.
Where is the eye located ?
THE ORBIT
As a socket, contains & protect the eye.
The weakest parts are the floor & the medial wall.
Seven bones contribute the bony orbit.
Surrounded by nasal sinuses.
Important openings are:
Optic foramen.
Superior orbital fissure.
Inferior orbital fissure.
THE EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES
Four recti & two
oblique muscles.
All are supplied by
Oculomotor n.
except superior
oblique (Trochlear
n.) & lateral rectus
(Abducent n.).
Innervation & action of eye muscles:
elevation
in
n
to
io
rs
rs
io
to
abduction adduction
midline
n
ex
(lateral (medial
rotation) rotation)
depression
WHK CUHK 98
MUSCLES ACTIONS
Innervation & action of eye muscles:
IO SR
(3
midline
n.
LR MR
)
(6 n.)
SO IR
(4 n.)
Hence for clinical test:
(Field of Action)
Direction to look
• SO Down and in
• IO Up and in
• SR Up +/- out
• IR Down +/- out
Globe Anatomy
Or limbus
CONJUNCTIVA
Three parts:
1. Bulbar conjunctiva.
2. Palpebral conjunctiva.
3. Forniceal conjunctiva.
The stroma (no adenoid
tissues until 3 months after
birth).
Follicles & Papillae.
Injection and chemosis.
Palpebral conjunctiva
THE EYE (GLOBE)
Two spheres with different radii:
- Cornea, window of the eye.
- Sclera, opaque shell.
*** The eye measures approximately 21-24 mm in all its main
diameters.
The coats of the eye
*** Three layers:
The outer: inelastic coat, transparent cornea and opaque
sclera.
The middle, vascular coat, The Uvea:
choroid, ciliary body and iris.
The inner: The Retina, extends forwards to within 6 mm of
the limbus.
Cornea
It has 5 layers.
500 -530 micron in
thickness.
Transparent
① Avascular Layers of cornea
② Regularly arranged collagen fibers. 1-epthelium
2-BM
3-stroma
4-DM
5-endothelium
The Chambers of The Eye
***Three optically clear spaces:
The anterior chamber, in front of the iris
The posterior chamber, immediately behind the iris. These two
chambers which communicate through the pupil are filled with
clear aqueous humour.
The vitreous cavity: filled by gel-like structure, The Vitreous.
Iris & Pupil
The Lens
The crystalline lens is the only structure
continuously growing throughout the life.
Changeable refractive media.
Capsule, epithelium and lens fibers.
Congenital anomalies and effect of
systemic diseases.
Cataract.
cataract
Retina and
Vitreous
Vitreous attachment.
Optic nerve head, macula, fovea, retinal
background, Ora serrata, and retinal
vasculature.
Effect of systemic diseases.
Retinal detachment.
Optic
Nerve
contains around 1.2 million
nerve fibers, which are
axons of the retinal
ganglion cells.
1 mm in the globe.
25 mm in the orbit.
9 mm in the optic canal.
16 mm in the cranial
space
Partial decussation occurs
and about 53% of the
fibers cross to form the
optic tracts.
The Visual Pathway
Visual Pathway: Three
neurons
1. Bipolar cell, lies within
the retina.
2. Ganglion cell, synapse
in lateral geniculate
body.
3. Third neuron terminates
in visual cortex.
THE LACRIMAL APPARATUS
THE LACRIMAL
APPARATUS
Lacrimal gland secrets tears into the upper
fornix of the conjunctival sac which are
spread over the surface of the cornea as a
tear film by blinking of the lids.
Tears accumulate at the inner canthus and
drain into the lacrimal sac via the puncta &
canaliculi.
The sac is continuous inferiorly with the
nasolacrimal duct which opens into the
nasal cavity just beneath the inferior
turbinate.
Lacrimal
Apparatus
Tear secretion.
Layers of precorneal tear film.
Drainage of tear.
Optics of the Eye
The eye is like a camera. Light must have
a clearly pathway to be clearly focused on
the sensory receptors of the retina, i.e.,
Clear cornea, anterior chamber, lens and
vitreous cavity.
The Refractive power of the eye is about
58 - 62 diopters.
• IMAGE FORMING MECHANISM While looking at an object,
light rays from that object are refracted and brought to
a focus upon retina. Image of the object falls on the
retina in an inverted position and reversed side to side.
Inspite of this, the object is seen in an upright position.
It is because of the role played by cerebral cortex. Light
rays are refracted by the lens and cornea. Refractory
power is measured in diopter (D). A diopter is the
reciprocal of focal length expressed in meters. Focal
length of cornea is 24 mm and refractory power is 42 D.
Focal length of lens is 44 mm and refractory power is 23
D
Optics of the Eye
(cont.)
The cornea is the major refracting element
of the eye with a power of approximately 40
diopters. If the curvature is greater in one
meridian than the other→ Astigmatism.
The refractive power of the lens is about 17-
21 diopters at rest. Accommodation able to
change the power of the lens markedly
depends on age.
The Intraocular
Pressure
The pressure within the eye is maintained at a
steady level by continuous formation &
drainage of aqueous.
Aqueous is secreted by the ciliary epithelium →
posterior chamber → anterior chamber (through
the pupil ) → drained through the anterior
chamber angle.
The intraocular pressure, (IOP), is normally 10 –
21 mmHg; increased IOP ocular hypertension .
High IOP almost always due to an obstruction of
aqueous outflow.
VISION
The retina:
- The central retina contains yellow
pigment, Xanthophyll, the so called macula
lutea ( yellow spot).
- It is divided into retinal pigment
epithelium & neurosensory retina.
- Photoreceptors contains visual pigment
which consists of a large protein (opsin)
attached to retinal (vitamin A aldehyde).
VISION (cont.)
• Light splits the opsin from the retinal with
initiation of a graded electrical
potential → Transmitted through the visual
pathway to be processed in the visual
cortex (occipital lobe) → vision sense.
• Visual Pathway: Three neurons
1. Bipolar cell, lies within the retina.
2. Ganglion cell, synapse in lateral
geniculate body.
3. Third neuron terminates in visual cortex.
Summery
The socket that contains the eye called -----
ORBIT
the orbit is formed by ………….. Bones.
Seven
The optic nerve pass through
Optic foramen or canal
Summery
The eye has ……….. Extraocular muscles
Six
……… Recti and ……… obliques.
4 2
All extraocular muscles are supplied by
……….except
Oculomotor nerve except SO4 and LR6
When we test a patient 4th nerve we should ask
him to look …..
Down and in
Summery
The space that lies behind the cornea & in front of the iris
called………..
Anterior chamber.
The fluid that fills the chambers of the eye called……
Aqueous humors
The cavity that lies behind the lens called…….
Vitreous cavity
Summery
The main refractive structure in the eye is ….
The cornea
The second refractive structure in the that can change its
power
The lens
The structure that determines the color of the eye is
The iris
when the lens get opacified this condition called
cataract
Summery
The central part of the retina called
The macula
The central part of the macula called
Fovea
The central part of the fovea called
foveola
Summery
The optic nerve lies in …… part of the retina
Nasal
The percentage of the decussating fibers is
53%
Thank you
