Internet of Things By

Minhaz Uddin Ahmed, PhD

Department of Computer Engineering
Inha University in Tashkent.
Email: [email protected]
Course Materials

 Textbook

Statistical Designing the IOT IOT Architecture

learning and design
principles
Reference materials will be
provided
Course overview

 Course Evaluation:
 Mid-term Exam 30%
 Final Exam 30%
 Quiz 20%
 Homework-Assignment 15%
 Attendance + class activity 5%
Course Syllabus

Week Content
Week one Introduction of IoT
Week two Application and Evolution of IoT and its
concepts
Week three Design principals
Week four Design principals and Architecture
Week five Platforms
Week six Connectivity tehnologies
Week seven Sensor Network
Week eight Introduction to Arduino and Raspberry pi
Course Syllabus

Week Content
Week nine Arduino and Raspberry pi prototyping process
Week Ten Cloud and Fog computing for IoT
Week Eleven IoT privacy and security issue
Week Twelve Cryptography & Hashing
Week Thirteen Blockchain Basics and Consensus
Week Fourteen Blockchain architecture
Week Fifteen Middle Ware, Analytics and Application
Week Sixteen Final Exam
Outline
 Introduction of IoT
 Features of IoT
 Technology used
 Framework
 Applications
 Issues and Challenges
 Conclusion
 References
Introduction to IoT

IoT system
Introduction of IoT

 The Internet of Things is the network of physical objects—devices,

vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, and network connectivity—that enables these
objects to collect and exchange data.

 IoT is connecting every physical object in the world using wireless.

 Internet of Things are able to collect and exchange data using

embedded sensors.
Introduction to IoT
 The concept of IoT began with things classified as identity communication devices.
Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID) is an example of an identity
communication device. Things are tagged to these devices for their identification in
future and can be tracked, controlled and monitored using remote computers
connected through the internet.

 The concept of IoT enables, for example GPS based tracking, controlling and monitoring
of devices; machine to machine (M2M) communication; connected cars; communication
between wearable and personal devices and Industry 4.0.

 The IoT concept has made smart cities a reality and is also expected to make self-
driving cars functional very soon.
IoT:Growth
Year Number of Connected Devices
1990 0.3 Million
2000 90 Million
2010 5 Billion
2015 9 Billion
2025 1 trillion (Expected)
IoT: Technologies

 RFID
 WiFi
 Barcode
 QR Code
 ZigBee
 Sensors and Smartphones
IoT: Characteristics Features, Advantages,
Disadvantages
Characteristics Features Advantages Disadvanta
ges
Intelligence Device Virtualization Integration of Devices Security

Connectivity High Speed Reliable, Secure Privacy

Bi-Directional
Communication
Sensing End Point Enhancement Data Complexity
Management Collection
Expressing Small Devices Reduce Waste Flexibility
Energy Stream Processing Real Time Analysis Compliance
Improved Engagement
Safety Data Enrichment Automation and Tier
Technology Optimization Management
 IoT Vision
 IoT is a vision where things (wearable watches, alarm clocks, home devices ,
surrounding objects) become smart and function like a living entities by sensing,
computing and communicating through embedded devices which interact with remote
objects (servers, clouds, applications, services and processes) or persons through the
Internet or Near-Field Communication (NFC) etc.

 The vision of IoT can be understood through Examples 1.1 and 1.2.
Internet of Things concept

Figure 1.1 Use of Internet of Things concept for street lights in a

city
Internet of Things: Architecture and Design
principles
Street lights in a city can be made to function like living entities through
sensing and computing using tiny embedded devices that communicate and
interact with a central control-and-command station through the Internet.
Assume that each light in a group of 32 streetlights comprises a sensing,
computing and communication circuit.
Each group connects to a group-controller (or coordinator) through Bluetooth
or ZigBee.
Each controller further connects to the central command-and-control station
through the Internet.
Internet of Things: Architecture and
Design principles
The station receives information about each street light in each group in
the city at periodic intervals. The information received is related to the
functioning of the 32 lights, the faulty lights, about the presence or
absence of traffic in group vicinity, and about the ambient conditions,
whether cloudy, dark or normal daylight.
Internet of Things: Architecture and
Design principles
The station remotely programs the group controllers, which
automatically take an appropriate action as per the conditions of traffic
and light levels. It also directs remedial actions in case a fault develops
in a light at a specific location. Thus, each group in the city is controlled
by the ‘Internet of street lights’.

Figure 1.1 shows the use of the IoT concept for streetlights in a city.
Internet of Things
As per Collins Dictionary, hyperconnectivity means use of multiple systems and devices
to remain constantly connected to social networks and streams of information.

 Physical Object + Controller, Sensor and Actuators + Internet = IoT (e.g.

umbrella)

 Gather + Enrich + Stream + Manage + Acquire + Organize and Analyze =

IoT with connectivity to Data Centre, Enterprise or Cloud Server (e.g.
street light)

 Gather + Consolidate + Connect + Collect + Assemble + Manage and

Analyze = IoT (e.g. IBM conceptual framework figure 1.3)
Internet of Things

 Equation 1.3 represents a complex conceptual framework for IoT

using cloud-platform based processes and services. The steps are as
follows:
 Levels 1 and 2 consist of a sensor network to gather and consolidate
the data.
 First level gathers the data of the things (devices) using sensors
circuits. The sensor connects to a gateway.
A general framework for IoT

Figure 1.2 A general framework for IoT using smart and hyperconnected
devices, edge computing and applications
Internet of Things: Architecture and Design principleas

Figure1.3 IBM IoT conceptual framework

Internet of Things: Architecture and Design
principleas
IBM IoT conceptual framework blocks and components are the basis of this equation.
 In general, things refer to an internetwork of devices and physical objects. This
framework consists of a number of subsystems. The data is acquired at remote
locations in a database or data store.

The services and processes need data managing, acquiring, organising and analysing.
 Various conceptual frameworks of IoT find number of applications including
the ones in M2M communication networks, wearable devices, city lighting,
security and surveillance and home automation. Smart systems use the things
(nodes) which consist of smart devices, smart objects and smart services. Smart
systems use the user interfaces (UIs), application programming interfaces
(APIs), identification data, sensor data and communication ports.
IoT: Architectural View

CISCO seven
leveled
reference model

Figure 1.4 An IoT reference model suggested by CISCO that gives a conceptual framework for a
general IoT system
IoT: Architectural View
An IoT system has multiple levels (Equations 1.1 to 1.3). These
levels are also known as tiers. A model enables conceptualization
of a framework. A reference model can be used to depict building
blocks, successive interactions and integration. An example is
CISCO’s presentation of a reference model comprising seven levels
(Figure 1.4).
 Oracle suggested IoT architecture

Figure 1.5 Oracle’s IoT architecture (Device identity management means identifying a device,
registering a device for actions after identifying, de-registering the device, assigning unique identity
to the device. Device access management means enabling, disabling the device access,
authenticating a device for access, authorizing a device for access to a subsystem.
 Oracle suggested IoT architecture
An architecture has the following features:
 The architecture serves as a reference in applications of IoT in services
and business processes.
 A set of sensors which are smart, capture the data, perform necessary
data element analysis and transformation as per device application
framework and connect directly to a communication manager.
 A set of sensor circuits is connected to a gateway possessing separate
data capturing, gathering, computing and communication capabilities. The
gateway receives the data in one form at one end and sends it in another
form to the other end.
Oracle suggested IoT architecture

 The communication-management subsystem consists of protocol

handlers, message routers and message cache.
 This management subsystem has functionalities for device identity
database, device identity management and access management.
 Data routes from the gateway through the Internet and data center to
the application server or enterprise server which acquires that data.
Case study
Case study
Case study
Case study :smart sanitation
Internet of Things: Architecture and Design
Principles

Fig. An architectural view of cloud (named Magic)-based IoT platform for smart home
[VPN: Virtual Private Network, DB: Database, IVR: Interactive Voice Response System, UWB:
Ultra Wideband]
Major Components of IoT System

1. Physical object (with embedded software into a hardware)

2. Hardware ( consisting of a microcontroller, firmware, sensors, control unit,
actuators and communication module)
3. Communication Module (Software consisting of device APIs and device interface
for communication over the network and communication circuit/port(s), and
middleware for creating communication stacks using 6LowPAN, CoAP, LWM2M, IPv4,
IPv6 and other protocols.)
4. Software (for actions on messages, information and commands which the
devices receive and then output to the actuators, which enable actions such as glowing
LEDs, robotic hand movement etc.)
 Major Components of IoT System
 Sensor and Control Units

Figure 1.6 Various functional units in an MCU that are embedded in an IoT device or a
physical object
 Major Components of IoT System

An MCU comprises a processor, memory and several other hardware units which
are interfaced together. It also has firmware, timers, interrupt controllers and
functional IO units. Additionally, an MCU has application-specific functional
circuits designed as per the specific version of a given microcontroller family. For
example, it may possess Analog to Digital Converters (ADC) and Pulse Width
Modulators (PWM).

Figure 1.6 shows various functional units in an MCU that are embedded in an IoT
device or a physical object.
Communication Module
A communication module consists of protocol handlers, message queue
and message cache. A device message-queue inserts the messages in the
queue and deletes the messages from the queue in a first-in first-out
manner. A device message-cache stores the received messages.

Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style can be used for

HTTP access by GET, POST, PUT and DELETE methods for resources
and building web services.
IOT: Hardware, Middleware and Software

Hardware Middleware Software

Google Cloud IoT Oracle-Fusion Arduino
Arduino Nano Pro Mini OpenIoT Eclipse IoT
Raspberry-Pi OpenRemote Google Brillo
IBM Watson OpenHUB IBM IoT Foundation arduino
Azure Kaa Azure IoT Suit
Amazon AWS IoT Core Cloud Sensor
INTEL JOULE Ninja Sphere
Netduino Control Any
Flutter
raspberry pi

Reference : https://www.iotforall.com/top-5-iot-development-platforms-in-
Popular IoT Development Boards
 Arduino Yún
Arduino Yún board uses microcontroller ATmega32u4 that supports Arduino and includes Wi-
Fi, Ethernet, USB port, micro-SD card slot and three reset buttons. The board also
combines with Atheros AR9331 that runs Linux.
 Microduino
Microduino is a small board compatible with Arduino that can be stacked with the other
boards. All the hardware designs are open source.
 Intel Galileo
Intel Galileo is a line of Arduino-certified development boards. Galileo is based on Intel x86
architecture. It is open-source hardware that features the Intel SOC X1000 Quark
based Soc.

Raspberry Pi
Arduino Yun
Popular IoT Development Boards

 Raspberry Pi Wireless Inventors Kit (RasWIK)

RasWIK enables Raspberry Pi Wi-Fi connected devices. It includes
documentation for 29 different projects or you can come up with one of
your own.

Raspberry Pi Arduino Yun

IoT software components for device
hardware

Figure 1.7 IoT software components for device hardware

IoT software components for device
hardware
 IoT software consists of two components—software at the IoT device and software at the IoT
server. Figure 1.7 shows the software components for the IoT device hardware and server.
 OpenIoT is an open source middleware. It enables communication with sensor clouds
as well as cloud-based ‘sensing as a service’. IoTSyS is a middleware which enables
provisioning of communication stack for smart devices using IPv6, oBIX, 6LoWPAN,
CoAP and multiple standards and protocols. The oBIX is standard XML and web services
protocol oBIX (Open Building Information Xchange)

 Examples of OSs are RIOT, Raspbian, AllJoyn, Spark and Contiki. RIOT is an operating
system for IoT devices. RIOT supports both developer and multiple architectures,
including ARM7, Cortex-M0, Cortex-M3, Cortex-M4, standard x86 PCs and TI MSP430.
 IoT software components for device
hardware
 Firmware
Things Mist is an open-source firmware for true Internet-connectivity to the
IoT. It enables resilient wireless mesh networking. Several
microcontrollers with a range of wireless radios support Things MIST.

Eclipse IoT provides open-source implementation of standards such as

MQTT CoAP, OMA-DM and OMA LWM2M, and tools for working with Lua,
services and frameworks that enable an Open Internet of Things.
IoT software components for device
hardware
Arduino development tools provide a set of software that includes
an IDE and the Arduino programming language for a hardware
specification for interactive electronics that can sense and control more
of the physical world.

Kinoma S/W platform: Kinoma Create (kit for prototyping), Kinoma

Studio development environment and Kinoma Platform Runtime are
three different open-source projects. Kinoma Connect is a free app for
iOS and Android smartphones and tablets with IoT devices.
Platforms and Integration Tools

ThingSpeakis an open data platform with an open API. It consists of

APIs that enable real-time data collection, geolocation data, data
processing and visualizations. It enables device status messages and
plugins. It can process HTTP requests and store and process data. It can
integrate multiple hardware and software platforms. It supports Arduino,
Raspberry Pi, ioBridge/RealTime.io, and Electric Imp. An important
feature of ThingSpeak is the support to MATLAB data analytics, mobile,
web applications and social networks.
Nimbits is a cloud platform which supports multiple programming
languages, including Arduino, JavaScript, HTML or Java library.
Platforms and Integration Tools

The software deploys on Google App Engine, any J2EE server on Amazon
EC2 or Raspberry Pi. It processes a specific type of data and can also
store the data. The data can be time- or geo-stamped.
IoT Toolkit offers Smart Object API, HTTP-to-CoAP Semantic mapping
and a variety of tools for integrating multiple IoT-related sensor networks
and protocols.
SiteWhere provisions a complete platform for managing IoT
devices. It enables gathering of data and integrating it with
external systems. SiteWhere can be used on Amazon’s cloud or
downloaded. It also integrates MongoDB, ApacheHBase and multiple big
data tools
IoT: Application
 Traffic Monitoring
 Healthcare
 Agriculture
 Security
 Transport and Logistics
 Connected Cars
 Smart City
 Smart Home
 Wearables Devices
IoT: Issues and Challenges

 Privacy
 Security
 Connectivity
IoT: Future scope
 Wireless Sensor Networks
 Cloud Computing
 Big Data
 Distributed systems
 Mobile Computing
 Artificial Intelligence
 Machine Learning
 Security
 Semantic Web
 RFID
 Smart Cities
IoT: Future scope

 IoT: Future scope

 Hybrid AI
 Smart IoT
 IoT in Agriculture and farming
 Health
 Tracking and Shipping of goods
 Daily life
M2M Architecture

Machine-to-machine (M2M) refers to the process of communication

of a physical object or device at machine with others of the same
type, mostly for monitoring but also for control purposes.

IoT technology in industry involves the integration of complex physical

machinery M2M communication with the networks of sensors, and uses
analytics, machine learning, and knowledge discovery software.
M2M Architecture

Fig: Three domains of M2M architecture

Software and Development Tools
Mango is an open source M2M web-based software. It supports multiple
platforms, multiple protocols, databases, meta points, user-defined
events and import/export.
Mainspring from M2MLabs is a development tool, and source
framework for developing M2M applications.
Device Hibe is an M2M communication framework. It is an M2M
platform and integration tool. It enables connecting devices to the
IoT. It includes web-based management software that creates
security-rules-based e-networks and monitoring devices. The web
software enables prototype projects built with DeviceHub and online
tests to find out how it works.
Software and Development Tools

open protocols tools and frameworks for M2M:

 XMPP, MQTT-OASIS standards group and OMA LWM2M-OMA standard
group for protocol
 Various projects of Eclipse M2M industry working groups’ are
Koneki, Eclipse SCADA for open standards for communication
protocols, tools and frameworks.
References
 1. Book - Internet of Things- Architecture and design principles
- Author Dr. Raj Kamal
 Amaral, L., Tiburski, R., Matos, E., Hessel, F.: Cooperative middleware platform
as a service for Internet of Things applications. In: Proceedings of the 30th
Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (to be published), SAC ’15.
ACM, New York, NY, USA (2015).
 Borgia, E.: The internet of things vision: key features, applications and open
issues. Comput. Commun. 54, 1–31 (2014)
Question
Thank you