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pH meter

The document provides an overview of pH measurement, including the definition of pH, its physiological significance, and the principles behind pH meters. It explains buffering systems and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, along with the standardization and precautions necessary for accurate pH measurement. Key components such as glass and calomel electrodes are also discussed in relation to their function in measuring pH levels in solutions.

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Pooja Sharma
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10 views20 pages

pH meter

The document provides an overview of pH measurement, including the definition of pH, its physiological significance, and the principles behind pH meters. It explains buffering systems and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, along with the standardization and precautions necessary for accurate pH measurement. Key components such as glass and calomel electrodes are also discussed in relation to their function in measuring pH levels in solutions.

Uploaded by

Pooja Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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pH meter

Dr Jasmeen Gupta
Assistant Professor
Measurements of pH
All the biochemical reactions in the body occur in an
aqueous environment and enzymes catalyse most of
these reactions.

Enzymes are optimally active at a particular H+ ion


concentration.

Buffering - The variation in H+ ion is arrested by some


bases or acids which absorb or donate H+ ions
depending on the situation. This phenomenon is called
buffering.
Definition of pH
pH is defined as the negative logarithm of H+
ion concentration
pH = - log [H+]

In aqueous solutions, the pH ranges from 0 to 14

Molar concentration of H+ or OH- ion in pure water is 1 x


I0-7mol/L
Pure water is said to be neutral, with a pH close to 7.0 at 25'C.

Water at neutral point,

[H+] = [ OH- ] = 10-7 mol/L


pH at neutral point, [H+] = [ OH-] = 10-7 mol/L
So, neutral pH is 7.

pH > 7 indicates solution is alkaline


pH < 7 indicates solution is acidic

pH 0 would be given by 1M HCl and and pH 14 would be


given by 1M NaOH
pH in physiological conditions
pH of blood is regulated between 7.35 and 7.45 (slightly
alkaline)
pH of gastric juice is ~ 1.0 ( highly acidic)

Many biochemical substances possess functional groups


that are weak acids or weak bases.
e.g., COOH, NH2, phosphates present on proteins, nucleic
acid, coenzyme, intermediary metabolites.

Their dissociation behaviour influences pH and the


structure and function of the entire molecule.
Henderson Heselbach Equation
The relative strength of an acid is expressed as
dissociation constant, K

The numerical value of K is a negative exponential


number so it is usually expressed as
pK = - log K
Question
Calculate the pH of a mixture of 0.1 M acetic acid and
0.2 M sodium acetate ( pK of sodium acetate is 4.76)

Solution:-
pH = 4.76 + log 0.2/0.1

= 4.76 + 0.301 = 5.06


Buffers
It is defined as aqueous systems that resist changes in
pH.

All weak acids or bases in the presence of their salts


with strong base or strong acid respectively form buffer
systems e .g, carbonic acid/bicarbonate, dihydrogen
phosphate/monohydrogen phosphate,
proteins/proteinate.
The action of buffers and their role in maintaining pH of
a solution can be explained by Henderson - Hasselbach
equation

The pH of the system is determined by the pK of the acid


and the ratio of [A-] = [ HA]
Principal of pH meter
When two electrodes, a calomel reference electrode and
a glass electrode sensetive to H+ ions are dipped in a
solution, small amount of potential difference or
electromotive force (EMF) develops between the two
electrodes is measured as a voltage which eventually
depends on the H+ concentration of the solution.
Since the voltage cannot be directly measured, it is
magnified electronically with the help of amplifier.

It is measured by standard electrical method employed for


voltage

The scale of the meter is calibrated in both milivolt (mV)


and the pH so that the pH can be directly read
If a metal rod is placed in a solution of its salt, it acquires
some electric potential.

If two dissimilar metals are dipped into the solution of their


salts, the difference in potential can be measured or
calculated from the two separate potentials generated.

A standard electrode is this required, against which the


potential of all the other electrodes can be compared.
Standard hydrogen electrode - consists of a platinum rod
dipped in an aqueous solution with a given H+ activity in
which hydrogen gas is bubbled continuously at 1 atm
pressure
Standardization of pH meter
A pH meter is standardized with buffer solutions of
known pH.
The electrodes are always dipped in storage solution
mainly KCl.
Common standard buffers are pH 4.0, 7.0 and 10.0
The standard buffer should have a pH with in 2pH units
of the expected pH of the test solution
Precautions
The bulb of the glass electrode must be completely
covered with solution.

Adjust the meter with the ' calibration dial ' until proper
pH of the standard buffer is indicated on the meter.

Turn the pH meter to stand by position


Remove the electrodes again, rinse with DW and
carefully blot dry with tissue paper.

Immerse the electrode in a standard buffer of different


pH and turn the meter to "read".

The dial should read within 0.05 units of the known


value.

If it does not adjust to the proper pH again


Glass electrode
Calomel Electrode
Combined Electrode
https://youtu.be/zJTQLce-WC8

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