Review

3.5 Steady forced vibration of 1-DOF system under periodic excitation

m x  cx  kx  f (t )

Fourier Series Expansion

a0 
f (t )    ( a n cos nt  bn sin nt )
2 n 1
2 T /2 2 T /2
a0   f (t )dt an   f (t ) cos ntdt
T  T /2 T  T /2

2 T /2
2
bn 
T 
 T /2
f (t ) sin ntdt 
T
fundamental frequency

Conclusions
Lower-order harmonic components predominantly dominate
the overall vibration response.
For linear system discrete excitation spectrum generate discrete
response spectrum.
 Review
3.6 Response of base motion excitation

mx  cx  kx ky  cy

y Ye j t x  Xe  j e j t  Xe j (t   )

k 2  c 2 2
X Y
(k  m 2 ) 2  c 2 2
1  (2 ) 2
Y 2 2 2
(1   )  (2 )
 3.6.2 Inertia sensor for vibration measurement
Schematic diagram in Fig1 ， vibration of measured object is the input,
relative displacement is output. Establish the linear relation of input and
output , vibration measurement is accomplished.
Static equilibrium position of mass m is chosen to be the origin,
EOM of mass m mx  c( x  y )  k ( x  y ) 0
Define z= x-y, the relative displacement
of m with respect to the base(measrued object) k
x
m
m( z  y )  cz  kz 0
y
c
mz  cz  kz  my Relative motion
j t
Let y Ye then z  Ze j t
， submit y Y cos  t
Measrued
object
 m 2 Z  jcZ  kZ m 2Y Fig1 Schematic diagram of
inertia sensor
13:12 Vibration measurement
 m 2Y
Get the relative motion amplitude Z 
(  m 2  jc  k )

Taking the modulus and armgument Z e  j

m 2Y Y 2
In which Z  
(k  m )  (c )
2 2 2
(1   2 ) 2  (2 ) 2
c 2  k
tan    where   , 
k  m 2
1 2  m

Z 2 1 Ratio of
 
Y (1   )  (2 )
2 2 2
(1 /  2  1) 2  (2 /  ) 2 output and
input

Z
Plot ~  and  ~  for different damping ratio ζ
Y
13:12
 Phase angle
|Z|/Y 180

3.0 ζ=0
90

2.0 ζ=0.25
ζ=0.5 0 1.0 3.0 5.0
γ
1.0   Ω  3
ζ=1.0 Disp sensor
ζ=0.7
0.0
1 2 3 4 5
γ
Z
Displacement sensor 1
Y
Sensor’s output: relative displacement amplitude Z the displacement
amplitude of the measured object Y, but the phase difference 
When   3 is satisfied, inertia sensor can be used as a displacement
sensor, which means it has small k and big mass, get small natural
frequency. It’s suitable for the vibration measurement of big object.
13:12 Displacement sensor
Accelerometer Base
： y Ye j t then y   2Ye j t
Y 2 |Z | 1 1
Z  
| y | Ω 2 (1   2 ) 2  (2 ) 2
(1   )  (2 )
2 2 2

4 0
If the inertia sensor has big 0.1
3
natural  / Ω  1 0.15
0.2
2
frequency, is
Output can be 0.3
0.5
satisfied 1
expressed 0.7
Z Y Y / Ω ， y   Z e j t
2 2 2 2
1.0 2.0
0
Output of the inertia 1 2 3
γ
sensor
Z is proportional to the acceleration amplitude of the

Whenmeasured object.
the natural frequency of inertia sensor is much bigger
than the vibration frequency of measured object, it can be used
as an accelerometer. Accelerometers have frequency limit. But
it has small size makes it can be widely used in practice.
13:12 Accelerometer
 Z  2
is proportional toY (1 / Ω
, proportion factor is
2
) ,
Ω bigger
the Z

gets the smaller is obtained, the worse sensitivity

Conclusions: (1)To expand the measurement range,
quality will be.
accelerometer needs big natural frequency, makes it has
thesize.
small natural
Butfrequency of sensor
for displacement should
this not beisdesigned
conclusion opposite.too
Ω
big.
(2)Increase will reduce the sensitivity of accelerometer. (3)
Damping ratio equals 0.7 accelerometer will reach the widest
measurement range.
Z 1/ Ω 2
From  2Y  (1   2 ) 2  (2 ) 2 expand the measurement range

(1   2 ) 2  (2 ) 2 1
1
1  2  (2 )2 1
2 2 2
2 1
2
  0.707
2
13:12
 Damping ratio equals 0.7 accelerometer will reach
the widest measurement range.
β

1.04
ζ=0.6
ζ=0
1.02

ζ=0.65

1.0
ζ=0.7

0.98

ζ=0.75
0.96

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

13:12 γ
Piezoelectric
Accelerometer
Piezoelectric Accelerometer utilize the direct
piezoelectric effect, transform the vibration of
measured object into electric signal.

Piezoelectric crystal works as the spring. The

inertial force(base motion) acting on the crystal is
proportional to the induced electric charge.

The inner structure of accelerometer can be described

as a 1-DOF mass-spring-damper system.

Its natural frequency is

Piezoelectric Accelerometer is widely used in practice.

13:12
 Assignment 6:
The natural frequency of a
displacement sensor is 1Hz, which is
used to measure a harmonic vibration
with a frequency is 4Hz.The measured
amplitude is 0.130cm. Find the real
value of the amplitude(ignore the
damping) and the relative error.

13:12
 3.7 Vibration Isolation
 Motion Isolation , protect delicate object from excessive
vibration of base structure
 Force Isolation ,prevent vibratory forces generated by
machines from being transmitted to it’s base.

Vibration Isolator
m

k c

13:12 Vibration Isolation

 1 Motion Isolation
Equation of motion
mx  k ( x  y )  c( x  y )
Rearrange
mx  cx  kx ky  cy m o

Utilize the complex solution method x(t )

y Ye j t x  Xe  j e j t k c

Submit into EOM

y Y cos  t

( m 2  k  jc ) Xe  j (k  jc )Y Base Motion Isolation

13:12
 2  j X
( m  k  jc ) Xe (k  jc )Y Td 
Y
4 0
 j 0.15
Xe k  jc 3 0.25
 0.375
Y ( m 2  k )  jc 2
0.5
Take modulus 1 1.0

X k 2  c 2 2
 0
1 2 3
Y (k  m 2 ) 2  c 2 2 2
frequency ratio , γ
1  (2 ) 2 X
 Displacement transmissibility
Td 
Y
(1   2 ) 2  (2 ) 2

When γ> 2 ，d  1 . And γ→∞ T，d  0

T ， no base
motion have been transmitted to the upper object .
Motion Isolation needs soft isolator with small stiffness   k m
13:12 Vibration Isolation
Example. For one helicopter when the rotary speed of its rotor blade
gets to its rated speed 360rpm, violent vibration can be found on the
fuselage, if displacement transmissibility for a important onboard
electronic equipment is needed to be 0.2 , find the static deformation
of the isolator compressed by its own weight . Ignore the damping
effect.
Solution:
1  (2 ) 2
Displacement Transmissibility Td 
(1   2 ) 2  (2 ) 2
1
no damping Td 
2  1
 2 1 (n ) 2  g /  s
frequency ratio (
n
) 1 
Td
In which
g 1 360 2
then   (1  ) Td 0.2  12 rad / s
s
 2
Td and 60
9. 8 1
s  (1  ) 0.0414m 4.14cm
13:12 (12 ) 2
0.2
 Base Isolation Technique

13:12 LA City Hall

2 Force Isolation
Vibrating object is the vibration source. Use
isolator to prevent the vibration force from
being transmitted to its base or surroundings.

m is subjected to harmonic excitation

x(t )
F F0 cos  t m o

steady-state forced response F0 cos  t

x  X cos(t   ) k c

F0 1 o
X 
k (1   2 ) 2  ( 2 ) 2
Force Isolation

13:12
 Excitation force amplitude can be expressed as
F0 kX (1   2 ) 2  (2 ) 2
Two forces act on the base
Spring force Fk kx kX cos(t   )
Damping force Fc cx  cX sin(t   )

Two forces have a 90°phase difference, force combination

FT  X k 2  c 2 2 kX 1  (2 ) 2

Force transmissibility
Force isolation and
FT 1  (2) 2
X
  motion isolation
F0 (1   )  (2) Y
2 2 2
share the same
13:12
mechanism.
 3.8 Quality Factor and Half-power band width

Forced vibration with very low damping

when  1 the corresponding is defined as
1
Quality factor
Q
2
1 ,2 are the half-
2
power points, where
 Q
2
The frequency difference between the
frequencies associated with the half-
power points 1 and  2 is called
the half-power bandwidth 

X 1
 
13:12 X0 (1   2 ) 2  ( 2 ) 2
Assignment 7:
An exhaust fan, rotation at 1000rpm, is to be
supported by four springs, each one having a
stiffness of K. If only 10 percent of the unbalanced
forced of the fan is to be transmitted to the base,
what should be the value of K? Assume the mass of
the exhaust fan to be 40kg.(Damping ratio is zero.)