Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology,

Greater Noida

Statistical Technique-I

Unit: I

Subject Name: Engineering

Mathematics-IV
Subject Code: BAS0402

B Tech 4th Sem

05/17/2025

Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg.

Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
1
 Evaluation Scheme

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 2

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 Syllabus

Unit-I (Statistical Techniques-I)

Introduction: Measures of central tendency: Mean, Median, Mode, Moment,
Skewness, Kurtosis, Curve Fitting ,Method of least squares, Fitting of straight
lines, Fitting of second degree parabola, Exponential curves ,Correlation and
Rank correlation, Linear regression, nonlinear regression and multiple linear
regression
Unit-II (Statistical Techniques-II)
Testing a Hypothesis, Null hypothesis, Alternative hypothesis, Level of
significance, Confidence limits, p-value, Test of significance of difference of
means, Z-test, t-test and Chi-square test, F-test, ANOVA: One way . Statistical
Quality Control (SQC), Control Charts, Control Charts for variables (Mean
and Range Charts), Control Charts for Variables ( p, np and C charts).

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 3

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 Syllabus

Unit III (Probability and Random Variable)

Random Variable: Definition of a Random Variable, Discrete Random
Variable, Continuous Random Variable, Probability mass function,
Probability Density Function, Distribution functions.
Multiple Random Variables: Joint density and distribution Function,
Properties of Joint Distribution function, Marginal density Functions,
Conditional Distribution and Density, Statistical Independence, Central
Limit Theorem (Proof not expected).
Unit IV (Expectations and Probability Distribution)
Operation on One Random Variable – Expectations: Introduction,
Expected Value of a Random Variable, Mean, Variance, Moment
Generating Function, Binomial, Poisson, Normal, Exponential
distribution.
05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 4
ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 Syllabus

• Unit V: Time & Work, Pipe & Cistern, Time, Speed & Distance, Boat &
Stream, Sitting arrangement, Analogy.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 5

 Branch Wise Application

 Data Analysis
 Artificial intelligence
 Network and Traffic modeling

Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402

05/17/2025 6
 Course Objectives

• The objective of this course is to familiarize the students with statistical

techniques. It aims to present the students with standard concepts and tools at
an intermediate to superior level that will provide them well towards
undertaking a variety of problems in the discipline.
The students will learn:
• Understand the concept of correlation, moments, skewness and kurtosis and
curve fitting.
• Apply the concept of hypothesis testing and statistical quality control to create
control charts.
• Remember the concept of probability to evaluate probability distributions.
• Understand the concept of Mathematical Expectations and Probability
Distribution.
• Remember the concept of Wavelet Transform and Solve the problems of
Number System, Permutation & Combination, Probability, Function, Data
Interpretation, Syllogism.

Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402

05/17/2025 7
 Course Outcomes

CO1: Understand the concept of correlation, moments, skewness and

kurtosis and curve fitting.
CO2: Apply the concept of hypothesis testing and statistical quality control to
create control charts.
CO3: Remember the concept of probability to evaluate probability
distributions
CO4: Understand the concept of Mathematical Expectations and Probability
Distribution
CO2: Remember the concept of Wavelet Transform and Solve the problems of
Number System, Permutation & Combination, Probability, Function, Data
Interpretation, Syllogism.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 8

 Program Outcomes

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 9

 PSOs

PSO Program Specific Outcomes(PSOs)

PSO1 The ability to identify, analyze real world problems and design
their ethical solutions using artificial intelligence, robotics,
virtual/augmented reality, data analytics, block chain technology,
and cloud computing
PSO2 The ability to design and develop the hardware sensor devices
and related interfacing software systems for solving complex
engineering problems.
PSO3 The ability to understand inter disciplinary computing techniques
and to apply them in the design of advanced computing.
PSO4 The ability to conduct investigation of complex problem with the
help of technical, managerial, leadership qualities, and modern
engineering tools provided by industry sponsored laboratories.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 10

 Program Educational Objectives(PEOs)

PEO-1: To have an excellent scientific and engineering breadth so as to

comprehend, analyze, design and provide sustainable solutions for real-life
problems using state-of-the-art technologies.
PEO-2: To have a successful career in industries, to pursue higher studies or
to support entrepreneurial endeavors and to face the global challenges.
PEO-3: To have an effective communication skills, professional attitude,
ethical values and a desire to learn specific knowledge in emerging trends,
technologies for research, innovation and product development and
contribution to society.
PEO-4: To have life-long learning for up-skilling and re-skilling for
successful professional career as engineer, scientist, entrepreneur and
bureaucrat for betterment of society.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 11

 CO-PO Mapping

S. Course PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
No Outcome 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

BAS0402.
1 1
3 3 3 3 2 - 1 2 2 1 2 2

BAS0402.
2 2
3 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2

BAS0402.
3 3 3 3 2 2 2 - - - - - - 1

BAS0402.
4 3 3 3 3 2 - - 2 2 1 - 2
4
BAS0402.
5 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 - 3 3 2 3
5

6 Average 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.0 1.0 0.8 1.2 1.8 1.2 1.2 2.0

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 12

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 PSO

At the end of the program, the student will be able to:

• PSO1: Identify, analyze real world problems and design their ethical
solutions using artificial intelligence, robotics, virtual/augmented reality,
data analytics, block chain technology, and cloud computing.
• PSO2: Design and develop the hardware sensor devices and related
interfacing software systems for solving complex engineering problems.
• PSO3: Understand inter-disciplinary computing techniques and to apply
them in the design of advanced computing.
• PSO4: Conduct investigation of complex problems with the help of
technical, managerial, leadership qualities, and modern engineering tools
provided by industry-sponsored laboratories.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 13

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 CO-PSO Mapping

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4

BAS0402.1 3 3 3 3
BAS0402.2 3 3 3 3
BAS0402.3 2 2 2 2
BAS0402.4 3 3 3 3
BAS0402.5 2 2 2 2
Average
2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 14

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 Result Analysis

Branch Semester Sections No. of No. Passed % Passed

enrolled Students
Students
CS IV A 67 65 97%

IOT IV A 49 45 91.83%

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 15

 End Semester Question Paper Template

Link:100 Marks Question Paper Template.docx

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 16

 Prerequisite and Recap (CO1)

 Knowledge of Maths 1 B.Tech.

 Knowledge of Maths 2 B.Tech.
 Knowledge of Permutation and Combination.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 17

 Brief Introduction about the Subject with Videos

• We will discuss the concept of correlation, moments, skewness and

kurtosis and curve fitting.
• In module 2,student understand the concept of hypothesis testing and
statistical quality control to create control charts.
• In module 3,we will discuss probability to evaluate probability
distributions.
• In module 4,we will discuss Mathematical Expectations and Probability
Distribution.
• . In 5th module we will discuss aptitude part.
• https://youtu.be/iUhwCfz18os
• https://youtu.be/ly4S0oi3Yz8
• https://youtu.be/f8XzF9_2ijs

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 18

 Video links(unit-wise)

Unit 1 https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/111/105/111105042/
https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/110/107/110107114/
Unit 2 https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/103/106/103106120/

Unit 3 https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/117/105/117105085/

Unit 4 https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/111/104/111104032/

Unit 5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZ_M5RWaP6A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WP4jsNRgfa4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jPaQDKbahU8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwiWJLicakg

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 19

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 End Semester Question Paper Template
Printed page: …. Subject Code:
Roll No:
NOIDA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ,GREATER NOIDA
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to AKTU, Lucknow)
B.Tech/B.Voc./MBA/MCA/M.Tech (Integrated)
(SEM: ….. THEORY EXAMINATION (2020-2021)
Subject ………..
Time: 3 Hours Max.
Marks:100
General Instructions:
• All questions are compulsory. Answers should be brief and to the point.
• This Question paper consists of …………pages & …8………questions.
• It comprises of three Sections, A, B, and C. You are to attempt all the sections.
• Section A -Question No- 1 is objective type questions carrying 1 mark each, Question No- 2 is very
short
answer type carrying 2 mark each. You are expected to answer them as directed.
• Section B - Question No-3 is Long answer type -I questions with external choice carrying 6 marks
each.
You need to attempt any five out of seven questions given.
•Section C - Question No. 4-8 are Long answer type –II (within unit choice) questions carrying 10
marks
each. You need to attempt any one part a or b.
• Students are instructed to cross the blank sheets before handing over the answer sheet to the
invigilator.
•No sheet should be left blank. Any written material after a blank sheet will not be evaluated/checked.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 20

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 End Semester Question Paper Template

SECTION – A CO
1. Attempt all parts- [10×1=10]

1-a. Question- (1)

1-b. Question- (1)

1-c. Question- (1)
1-d. Question- (1)
1-e. Question- (1)
1-f. Question- (1)
1-g. Question- (1)
1-h. Question- (1)
1-i. Question- (1)
1-j. Question- (1)

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 21

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 End Semester Question Paper Template

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 22

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 End Semester Question Paper Template

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 23

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 End Semester Question Paper Template

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 24

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 End Semester Question Paper Template

Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg.

05/17/2025 25
Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 End Semester Question Paper Template

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 26

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 End Semester Question Paper Template

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 27

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 Unit Content

• Introduction
• Measures of central tendency: Mean, Median, Mode.
• Moment
• Skewness
• Kurtosis
• Curve Fitting
• Method of least squares
• Fitting of straight lines
• Fitting of second degree parabola
• Exponential curves
• Correlation and Rank correlation,
• Linear regression
• Nonlinear regression
• Multiple linear regression

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 28

 Unit Objectives(CO1)

• The objective of this course is to familiarize the engineers with concept

of Statistical techniques.
• It aims to show case the students with standard concepts and tools from
B. Tech to deal with advanced level of mathematics and applications that
would be essential for their disciplines.

Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402

05/17/2025 29
 Topic objectives (CO1)

Measures of central tendency

• To present a brief picture of data- It helps in giving a brief
description of the main feature of the entire data.
• Essential for comparison- It helps in reducing the data to a single
value which is used for doing comparative studies.
• Helps in decision making- Most of the companies use measuring
central tendency to plan and develop their businesses economy.
• Formulation of policies- Many governments rely on this medium
while forming any policies.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 30

 Measures of Central Tendency (CO1)

 Measures of Central Tendency or Averages:

Definition : According to Prof. Bowley: Averages are “statistical
constants which enable us to comprehend in a single effort the
significance of the whole.”
Types of Measures of Central Tendency: There are five types of
measures of central tendency
Arithmetic Mean or Simple Mean
Median
Mode
Geometric Mean
Harmonic Mean

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 31

 Arithmetic Mean (CO1)

 Arithmetic Mean
Definition
Arithmetic mean of a set of observations is their sum divided by the
number of observations, e.g., the arithmetic mean x¯ of n observations
x1, x2, ..., xn is given by:

 In case of the frequency distribution xi |fi , i = 1, 2, ..., n, where

fi is the frequency of the variable xi ,

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 32

 Arithmetic Mean(CO1)

In case of grouped or continuous frequency distribution, x is

taken as the mid-value of the corresponding class.
Example: Find the arithmetic mean of the following frequency
distribution:
X: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f: 5 9 12 17 14 10 6
Solution:
Computation of mean

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 33

 Arithmetic Mean(CO1)

By using formula

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 34

 Daily Quiz (CO1)

Example: Calculate the mean for the following frequency distribution:

Class 0-8 8-16 16-24 24-32 32-40 40-48
interval
Frequency 8 7 16 24 15 7

Solution: Arithmetic mean =25.404

Example: The average salary of male employees in a farm was Rs.
5,200 and that of females was Rs. 4,200. The mean salary of all the
employees was Rs. 5,000.Find the percentage of male and female
employees.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 35

 Median(CO1)

 Median:
Definition: Median of a distribution is the value of the variable which
divides it into two equal parts.
It is the value such that the number of observations above it is equal
to the number of observations below it. The median is thus a
positional average.
 Ungrouped Data:
•If the number of observations is odd then median is the middle value
after the values have been arranged in ascending or descending order
of magnitude.
•In case of even number of observations, there are two middle terms
and median is obtained by taking the arithmetic mean of middle
terms.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 36

 Median(CO1)

Example
1. Median of Values 25, 20, 15, 35, 18. Median: 20
2. Median of Values 8, 20, 50, 25, 15, 30. Median: 22.5
 Discrete Frequency Distribution
In this case median is obtained by considering the cumulative
frequencies. The steps involved
i. Find , where N =
ii. See the cumulative frequency (c.f.) just greater than .
iii. corresponding value of x is median.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 37

 Median(CO1)

Example: Obtain the median for the following frequency distribution:

x: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
f: 8 10 11 16 20 25 15 9 6
Solution:
i. Find ,
where N =
ii. See the cumulative frequency (c.f.) just greater than .
iii. corresponding value of x is median.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 38

 Median(CO1)

Here N = 120, The cumulative frequency just greater than is 65 and

the 2 value of x corresponding to 65 is 5. Therefore, median is 5.
05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 39
 Median(CO1)

 Continuous Frequency Distribution

In this case, the class corresponding to the c.f. just greate is called the
median class and the value of median is obtained by the formula:
Median
where
• l is the lower limit of the class,
• f is the frequency of the median class,
• h is the magnitude of the median class,
• c is the c.f. of the class preceding the median class,
• N=

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 40

 Daily Quiz(CO1)

Example : find the median wages of the following distribution.

Wages No. of workers
2000-3000 3
3000-4000 5
4000-5000 20
5000-6000 10
6000-7000 5

Solution: The median wage is Rs. 4,675.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 41

 Mode(CO1)

 Mode:
• Mode is the value which occurs most frequently in a set of
observations and around which the other items of the set cluster
densely.
• It is the point of maximum frequency or the point of greatest
density.
• In other words the mode or modal value of the distribution is that
value of the variate for which frequency is maximum.
Calculation of Mode
 In case of discrete distribution: Mode is the value of x
corresponding to maximum frequency but in any one (or more)of
the following cases.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 42

 Mode(CO1)

i. If the maximum frequency is repeated.

ii. If the maximum frequency occurs in the very beginning or at the
end of distribution .
iii. If there are irregularities in the distribution, the value of mode is
determined by the method of grouping.
 In case of continuous frequency distribution: mode is given by
the formula
Mode

where is the lower limit,width and the frequency of the model class
are the frequencies of the classes preceding and succeeding the modal
class respectively. While applying the above formula it is necessary to
see that the class intervals are of the same size.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 43

 Mode(CO1)

 For a symmetrical distribution, mean, median and mode coincide.

When mode is ill defined ,where the method of grouping also fails
its value can be ascertained by the formula
Mode=3Median-2Mean
This measure is called the empirical mode.
Q. Calculate the mode from the following frequency distribution.
Size 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Freqen 2 5 8 9 12 14 14 15 11 13
cy

Solution: Method of Grouping :

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 44

 Mode(CO1)

1 2 3 4 5 6
4 2 7
5 5 13
6 8 17 15
7 9 21 22 29
8 12 26 35
9 14 28 40 43
10 14 29 40
11 15 26 39
12 11 24
13 13

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 45

 Mode(CO1)

Since the item 10 occurs maximum number of times i.e.5times,hence

the mode is 10.

1 max.15 11
2max 29 10, 11
3 max 28 9, 10
4 max 40 10, 11, 12
5 max 40 8 9 10
6 max 43 9 10 11

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 46

 Mode(CO1)

Q. Find the mode of the following:

Marks 0-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25
No.of candidates 7 10 16 32 24
Marks 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45
No.of candidates 18 10 5 1

Solution: Here the greatest frequency 32 lies in the class 16-20.Hence

modal class is 16-20.But the actual limits of this class are 15.5-20.5.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 47

 Mode(CO1)

Mode

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 48

 Daily Quiz(CO1)

Q.1 Calculate the mean, median and mode of the following data-

Wages (in Rs) 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120 120-140

No. of 6 8 10 12 6 5 3
Workers

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 49

 Recap(CO1)

 Measures of central tendency

 Mean
 Mode
 Median

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 50

 Topic Objective (CO1)

Moments
• In mathematical statistics it involve a basic calculation. These
calculations can be used to find a probability distribution's mean,
variance, and skewness.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 51

 Moments (CO1)

 Moments: The moment of a distribution are the arithmetic means of

the various powers of the deviations of items from some given
number.
 Moments about mean (central moment)
 Moments about any arbitrary number (Raw Moment)
 Moments about origin

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 52

 Central Moments (CO1)

 Moment about mean (central moment):

 For an Individual Series :If are the values of the variable under
consideration , the moment about mean is defined as

Moment about mean

 For a frequency Distribution: If are the values of a variable with

the corresponding frequencies respectively then moment about the
mean is defined as

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 53

 Central Moments (CO1)

∑ 𝑓 𝑖 ( 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥 )𝑟
𝜇 𝑟 = 𝑖 =1 ; r =0 ,1 , 2 … .
𝑁

where
in particular
Note. In case of a frequency distribution with class intervals, the values
of are the midpoints of the intervals.
Example 1.Find the first four moments for the following individual
series.
Solution: Calculation of Moments

3 6 8 10 18

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 54

 Central Moments (CO1)

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 55

 Central Moments (CO1)

For any distribution,

For any distribution,, for r=2,

Therefore for any distribution , coincides with the variance of the

distribution.
Similarly,

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 56

 Central Moments (CO1)

Now ==9
==,
==,
==2,
==,

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 57

 Central Moments (CO1)

For any distribution, for r=1

For any distribution,, for r=2,

Therefore for any distribution , coincides with the variance of the

distribution.
Similarly,
and so on.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 58

 Central Moments (CO1)

• Example for the following frequency distribution.

Marks 5-15 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65
No.of 10 20 25 20 15 10
students

• Sol. Calculation of Moments

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 59

 Central Moments (CO1)
Mark No.of Mid-
s Studen Point
ts(
5-15 10 10 100 -24 -240 5760 -138240 3317760

15-25 20 20 400 -14 -280 3920 -54880 768320

25-35 25 30 750 -4 -100 400 -1600 6400

35-45 20 40 800 6 120 720 4320 25920
45-55 15 50 750 16 240 3840 61440 983040
55-65 10 60 600 26 260 6760 175760 4569760
N=100 =34 =0 =21400 =46800 =9671200
00

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 60

 Central Moments (CO1)

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 61

 Raw Moments (CO1)

 Moments about an arbitary number(Raw Moments):

 If are the values of a variable with the corresponding frequencies
respectively then moment about the number is defined as

Where,
For

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 62

 Raw Moments (CO1)

For
For
For and so on.
In Calculation work, if we find that there is some common factor (>1)
in values of we can ease our calculation work by defining
In that case , we have

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 63

 Moments about the origin (CO1)

 Moments about the Origin:

If be the values of a variable with corresponding frequencies
respectively then moment about the origin is defined as

Where,
For
For
For and so on.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 64

 Relations (CO1)

relations:

• Relation Between and :

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 65

 Karl Pearson’s Coefficients(CO1)

 Karl Pearson’s Coefficients:

Karl Pearson defined the following four coefficients based upon the
first four moments of a frequency distribution about it mean:

(coefficients)

(coefficients)

The practical use of this coefficients is to measure the skewness and

kurtosis of a frequency distribution .These coefficients are pure
numbers independent of units of measurement.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 66

 Karl Pearson’s Coefficients(CO1)

Example1 : The first three moments of a distribution about the value

“2” of the variable are 1,16 and 40.Show that the mean is 3,variance is
15 and
Solution: We have A=2,, and
We have that
Variance=

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 67

 Karl Pearson’s Coefficients(CO1)

Example 2:The first moments of a distribution about the value “35”

areFind the values of
Solution:

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 68

 Karl Pearson’s Coefficients(CO1)

Example 3:Calculate the variance and third central moment from the
following data.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 9 26 59 72 52 29 7 1
Solution: Calculation of Moments

0 1 -4 -4 16 -64
1 9 -3 -27 81 -243
2 26 -2 -52 104 -208
3 59 -1 -59 59 -59
4 72 0 0 0 0

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 69

 Karl Pearson’s Coefficients(CO1)

1.9805

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 70

 Karl Pearson’s Coefficients(CO1)

Moments about Mean:

Variance=1.97975
Also

=0.0178997
Third central moment

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 71

 Daily Quiz(CO1)

Q1. The first four moments of a distribution are 3,

10.5,40.5,168.Comment upon the nature of the distribution.
Q2. For a distribution, the mean is 10,variance is 16, is 1 and is 4. Find
the first four moment about origin.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 72

 Recap(CO1)

 Measures of central tendency

 Moment

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 73

 Topic objective (CO1)

Skewness
• It tells us whether the distribution is normal or not
• It gives us an idea about the nature and degree of concentration of
observations about the mean
• The empirical relation of mean, median and mode are based on a
moderately skewed distribution

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 74

 Skewness(CO1)

 Skewness:
•I t means lack of symmetry.
•It gives us an idea about the shape of the curve which we can draw with the
help of the given data.
•A distribution is said to be skewed if—
Mean, median and mode fall at different points, i.e.,
Mean ƒ= Median ƒ= Mode;
•Quartiles are not equidistant from median; and
•The curve drawn with the help of the given data is not symmetrical but
stretched more to one side than to the other.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 75

 Skewness(CO1)

Symmetrical Distribution
A symmetric distribution is a type of distribution where the left side of
the distribution mirrors the right side. In a symmetric distribution, the
mean, mode and median all fall at the same point.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 76

 Skewness(CO1)

Measures o f Skewness:
The measures of skewness are:
•Sk = M − Md ,
•Sk = M − Mo ,
•Sk = (Q3 − Md ) − (Md − Q1 ),
where M is the mean, Md , the median, Mo , the mode, Q1 , the first quartile
deviation and Q3 , the third quartile deviation of the distribution.
These are the absolute measures of skewness.
•C o e f f i c i e n t s o f S k e w n e s s : For comparing two series we do
not calculate these absolute measures but we calculate the relative measures
called the coefficients of skewness which are pure numbers independent of
units of measurement.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 77

 Skewness(CO1)

The following are the coefficients of skewness:

• Prof. Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness,
• Prof. Bowley’s Coefficient of Skewness,
• Coefficient of Skewness based upon Moments.
P r o f . K a r l Pearson’s C o e f f i c i e n t o f Skewness:
Definition
•It is defined as:

where σ is the standard deviation of the distribution. If mode is ill-

=3Median-2mean

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 78

 Skewness(CO1)

defined, then using the empirical relation,

Mo = 3Md − 2M, for a moderately asymmetrical distribution, we have
• From above two formulas, we observe that Sk = 0 if M = Mo = Md .
• Hence for a symmetrical distribution, mean, median and mode coincide.
• Skewness is positive if M > Mo or M > Md , and negative if M <
Mo or M < Md .
• Limits are: |Sk | ≤ 3 or −3 ≤ Sk ≤ 3.
• However, in practice, these limits are rarely attained.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 79

 Skewness(CO1)

Coefficient o f Skewness based upon Moments

Definition
It is defined as:
where are Pearson’s Coefficients and defined as:
Sk = 0, if either = 0 or = −3. Thus Sk = 0, if and only
if = 0.
Thus for a symmetrical distribution = 0.
In this respect is taken as a measure of skewness.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 80

 Skewness(CO1)

•The coefficient of skewness based upon moments is to be regarded as

without sign.
•The Pearson’s and Bowley’s coefficients of skewness can be positive as
well as negative.
 P o s i t i v e l y S k e w e d D i s t r i b u t i o n : The skewness is
positive if the larger tail of the distribution lies towards the higher
values of the variate (the right),i.e., if the curve drawn
with the help of the given data is
stretched more to the right than
to the left.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 81

 Skewness(CO1)

 Negatively Skewed Distribution:

The skewness is negative if the larger tail of the distribution lies towards
the lower values of the variate (the left), i.e., if the curve drawn with the
help of the given data is stretched more to the left than to the right.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 82

 Skewness(CO1)

Pearson’s a n d C o e f f i c i e n t s :

Q1. Karl Pearson coefficient of skewness of a distribution is 0.32, its

standard deviation is 6.5 and mean is 29.6. find the mode of the
distribution.
Solution: Given that

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 83

 Topic objective (CO1)

Kurtosis
• Describe the concepts of kurtosis
• Explain the different measures of kurtosis
• Explain how kurtosis describe the shape of a distribution.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 84

 Kurtosis (CO1)

 Kurtosis
•If we know the measures of central tendency, dispersion and skewness, we
still cannot form a complete idea about the distribution. Let us consider
the figure in which all the three curves
•A, B, and C are symmetrical about the mean and have the same range.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 85

 Kurtosis (CO1)

Definition: Kurtosis is also known as Convexity of the Frequency Curve due

to Prof. Karl Pearson.
• It enables us to have an idea about the flatness or peakness of the
frequency curve.
• It is measure by the coefficient β2 or its derivation γ2 given as:

• Curve of the type A which is neither flat nor peaked is called the normal
curve or mesokurtic curve and for such curve = 3, i.e., γ2 = 0.
• Curve of the type B which is flatter than the normal curve is known as
platycurtic curve and for such curve < 3, i.e., γ2 < 0.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 86

 Kurtosis (CO1)

Curve of the type C which is more peaked than the normal curve is called leptokurtic
curve and for such curve > 3, i.e., γ2 > 0.
Q2. For a distribution, the mean is 10, variance is 16, γ1 is +1 and is 4. Comment
about the nature of distribution. Also find third central moment.
S o l u t i o n =64, =16,

Since γ1 = +1, the distribution is moderately positively skewed, i.e,

if we draw the curve of the given distribution, it will have longer tail towards the right.
Further, since = 4 > 3, the distribution is leptokurtic, i.e.,
it will be sightly more peaked than the normal curve.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 87

 Kurtosis (CO1)

Example 3 The first four moment about the working mean 28.5 of a distribution
are 0.294,7.144,42.409 and 454.98. Calculate the first four moment about mean.
Also evaluate and and comment upon the skewness and kurtosis of the
distribution.
Solution:, Moment about mean

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 88

 Kurtosis (CO 1)

Skewness : is positive
Kurtosis: so distribution is leptokutic.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 89

 Daily Quiz(CO1)

Q1. Find all four central moments and Discuss Skewness and Kurtosis
for the following distribution-

Range of 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12

Expenditur
es
No. of 38 292 389 212 69
families

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 90

 Weekly Assignment(CO1)

Q1. The First four moments of a distribution about are Find the first
four moments about mean. Discuss the Skewness and Kurtosis and also
comment upon the nature of the distribution.
Q2. Define the Mode and calculate Mode for the distribution of
monthly rent Paid by Libraries in Karnataka

Monthly rent 500-1000 1000-1500 1500-2000 2000-2500 2500-3000 3000 & above

No.of Library 5 10 8 16 14 12
Q3. Write Short Note on
i. Range ii. Inter quartile range iii. Mean deviation iv. Standard
deviation v. Variance
Q 4. Explain the measures of dispersion and also find the range &
Coefficient of Range for the following data: 20, 35, 25, 30, 15.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 91

 Recap(CO1)

 Moments
 Relation between
 Relation between
 Skewness
 Kurtosis

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 92

 Topic objectives(CO1)

Curve Fitting
• The objective of curve fitting is to find the parameters of a
mathematical model that describes a set of data in a way that
minimizes the difference between the model and the data.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 93

 Curve Fitting (CO1)

 Curve Fitting :Curve fitting means an exact relationship between

two variables by algebraic equation. It enables us to represent the
relationship between two variables by simple algebraic expressions
e.g. polynomials, exponential or logarithmic functions. .It is also
used to estimate the values of one variable corresponding to the
specified values of other variables.

 Method of Least Squares: Method of least squares provides a

unique set of values to the constants and hence suggests a curve of
best fit to the given data.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 94

 Curve Fitting (CO1)

• Fitting a Straight Line: Let be n sets of observations of related

data and
(1)
Normal equations
(2)
(3)
If n is odd then,
If n is even then,

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 95

 Curve Fitting (CO1)

Q.Fit a straight line to the following data by least square method.

0 1 2 3 4
1 1.8 3.3 4.5 6.3

Sol. Let the straight line obtained from the given data be
(1)
then the normal equations are
(2)
(3) m=5

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 96

 Curve Fitting (CO1)

From(2) and (3), 16.9=

Solving we get
Required lines is

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 97

 Curve Fitting (CO1)

 Fitting of an Exponential Curve

Let
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get

Where ,
The normal equation for (1) are

Solving these, we get A and B.

Then

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 98

 Curve Fitting (CO1)

 FITTING OF THE CURVE

Let
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get

Where ,
The normal equation to (1) are

Which results A and B on solving and

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 99

 Curve Fitting (CO1)

Example Use the method of least squares to the fit the curve:
to the following table of values:

X 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 1 2

Y 21 11 7 6 5 6

 Solution: Let given curve is

Normal equations are

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 100

 Curve Fitting (CO1)

0.1 21 210 6.64078 3.16228 100

0.2 11 55 4.91935 2.23607 25
0.4 7 17.5 4.42719 1.58114 6.25
0.5 6 12 4.24264 1.41421 4
1 5 5 5 1 1
2 6 3 8.48528 0.70711 0.25
4.2 302.5 33.7152 10.1008 136.5
4 1

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 101

 Curve Fitting (CO1)

so we have

Hence the curve is

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 102

 Daily Quiz(CO1)

Q Fit a second degree parabola to the following data-

0 1 2 3 4
1 0 3 10 21

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 103

 Recap(CO1)

 Moments
 Relation between
 Relation between
 Skewness & kurtosis
 Curve fitting

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 104

 Topic objective (CO1)

Correlation
• Identify the direction and strength of a correlation between two factors.
• Compute and interpret the Pearson correlation coefficient and test for
significance.
• Compute and interpret the coefficient of determination.
• Compute and interpret the Spearman correlation coefficient and test for
significance.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 105

 Correlation(CO1)

 C o r r e l a t i o n : In a bivariate distribution we are interested to find

out i f there is any correlation between the two variables under study.
• If the change in one variable affects a change in the other variable, the
variables are said to be correlated.
 Positive C o r re l a t i o n
• If the two variables deviate in the same direction, i.e., if the increase
(or decrease) in one results in a corresponding increase (or decrease) in
the other, correlation is said to be direct or positive.
• For example, the correlation between (i) the heights and weights of a
group of persons, and (ii) the income and expenditure; is positive.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 106

 Correlation(CO1)

 Negative Correlation:
•If the two variables deviate in the opposite directions, i.e., if increase (or
decrease) in one results in corresponding decrease (or increase) in the other,
correlation is said to be diverse or negative.
• For example, the correlation between (i) the price and demand of a
commodity, and (ii) the volume and pressure of a perfect gas; is
negative.
 Perfect Correlation:
•Correlation is said to be perfect if the deviation in one variable is followed
by a corresponding and proportional deviation in the other.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 107

 Correlation(CO1)

Correlation Coefficient:
•The correlation coefficient due to Karl Pearson is defined as a measure of
intensity or degree of linear relationship between two variables.
• Karl Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient
•Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient between two variables X and Y , is
denoted by r (X, Y ) or rXY , is a measure of linear relationship between
them and is defined as:
• r (X, Y ) =
•f (xi, yi ); i = 1, 2, ..., n is the bivariate distribution, then

• Cov (X, Y ) = E [{X − E (X )}{Y − E (Y )}]

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 108

 Correlation(CO1)

Karl Pearson’s Co –Efficient Of Correlation(or Product Moment

Correlation Co-efficient)
Correlation co-efficient between two variable usually denoted by is a
numerical measure of linear relationship between them and defined as

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 109

 Correlation(CO1)

Or
Here is the no. of pairs of values of
Note: Correlation co efficient is independent of change of origin and
scale.
Let us define two new variables
where
Then

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 110

 Correlation(CO1)

Q.Find the coefficient of correlation between the values of

1 3 5 7 8 10
8 12 15 17 18 20
Sol. Here The table is as follows.

1 8 1 64 8
3 12 9 144 36
5 15 25 225 75
7 17 49 289 119
8 18 64 324 144
10 20 100 400 200

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 111

 Correlation(CO1)

Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation is given by

Q. Find the co-efficient of correlation for the following table:

10 14 18 22 26 30
Solution: Let
18 12 24 6 30 36

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 112

 Correlation(CO1)

10 18 -3 -1 9 1 3
14 12 -2 -2 4 4 4
18 24 -1 0 1 0 0
22 6 0 -3 0 9 0
26 30 1 1 1 1 1
30 36 2 2 4 4 4
Total

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 113

 Correlation(CO1)

Hence,n=6,
Then

 Calculation of co-efficient of correlation for a bivariate

frequency distribution.
• If the bivariate data on is presented on a two way correlation table
and is the frequency of a particular rectangle
• In the correlation table then

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 114

 Correlation(CO1)

Since change of origin and scale do not affect the co-efficient of

correlation.where the new variables are properly chosen.
Q. The following table given according to age the frequency of marks
obtained by 100 students is an intelligence test:

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 115

 Correlation(CO1)

Marks 18 19 20 21 total
10-20 4 2 2 8
20-30 5 4 6 4 19
30-40 6 8 10 11 35
40-50 4 4 6 8 22
50-60 2 4 4 10
60-70 2 3 1 6
Total 19 22 31 28 100

Calculate the coefficient of correlation between age and

intelligence.
Solution: Age and intelligence be denoted by respectively.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 116

 Correlation(CO1)

x 18 19 20 21 f
y

15 10-20 4 2 2 8 -3 -24 72 30
25 20-30 5 4 6 4 19 -2 -38 76 20
35 30-40 6 8 10 11 35 -1 -35 35 9
45 40-50 4 4 6 8 22 0 0 0 0
55 50-60 2 4 4 10 1 10 10 2
65 60-70 2 3 1 6 2 12 24 -2
19 22 31 28 100 total -75 217 59
-2 -1 0 1 Total
-38 -22 0 28 -32
76 22 0 28 126
56 16 0 -13 59

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 117

 Correlation(CO1)

Let us define two new variables

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 118

 Rank Correlation(CO1)

RANK CORRELATION:
Definition: Assuming that no two individuals are bracketed equal in either
classification, each of the variables X and Y takes the values 1, 2, ..., n.
Hence, the rank correlation coefficient between A and Bis denoted by r,
and is given as:

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 119

 Rank Correlation(CO1)

Question. Compute the rank correlation coefficient for the following

data.

Person A B C D E F G H I J
Rank in 9 10 6 5 7 2 4 8 1 3
maths
Rank in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
physics

Sol. Here the ranks are given and

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 120

 Rank Correlation(CO1)

Person D=
A 9 1 8 64
B 10 2 8 64
C 6 3 3 9
D 5 4 1 1
E 7 5 2 4
F 2 6 -4 16
G 4 7 -3 9
H 8 8 0 0
I 1 9 -8 64
J 3 10 -7 49

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 121

 Rank Correlation(CO1)

Uses:
• It is used for finding correlation coefficient if we are dealing with
qualitative characteristics which cannot be measured quantitatively but
can be arranged serially.
• It can also be used where actual data are given.
• In case of extreme observations, Spearman’s formula is preferred to
Pearson’s formula.
Limitations:
• It is not applicable in the case of bivariate frequency distribution.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 122

 Tied Correlation(CO1)

• For n > 30, this formula should not be used unless the ranks are given,
since in the contrary case the calculations are quite time-consuming.

TIED RANKS: If some of the individuals receive the same rank in a

ranking of merit, they are said to be tied.
•Let us suppose that m of the individuals, say, (k + 1)th, (k + 2)th, ..., (k +
m)th, are tied.
•Then each of these m individuals assigned a common rank, which is
arithmetic mean of the ranks k + 1, k + 2, ..., k + m.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 123

 Tied Correlation(CO1)

Question: Obtain the rank correlation co-efficient for the following

data:

68 64 75 50 64 80 75 40 55 64
62 58 68 45 81 60 68 48 50 70

Solution: Here marks are given so write down the ranks

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 124

 Tied Correlation(CO1)

75 68 64 75 50 64 80 75 40 55 64 Total
62 58 68 45 81 60 68 48 50 70
Ranks in 4 6 2.5 9 6 1 2.5 10 8 6
Ranks in 5 7 3.5 10 1 6 3.5 9 8 2

-1 -1 -1 -1 5 -5 -1 1 0 4 0
1 1 1 1 25 25 1 1 0 16 72

75 2 times
64 3 times
68 2 times

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 125

 Tied Correlation(CO1)

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 126

 Daily Quiz(CO1)

Q1. Find the rank correlation coefficient for the following data:
23 27 28 28 29 30 31 33 35 36

18 20 22 27 21 29 27 29 28 29

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 127

 Recap(CO1)

 Correlation
 Karl Pearson coefficient of correlation
 Rank Correlation
 Tied Rank

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 128

 Topic objectives (CO1)

Regression
• Explanation of the variation in the dependent variable, based on the
variation in independent variables and Predict the values of the
dependent variable.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 129

 Regression Analysis(CO1)

 REGRESSION ANALYSIS:
• Regression measures the nature and extent of
correlation .Regression is the estimation or prediction of unknown
values of one variable from known values of another variable.
Difference between curve fitting and regression analysis: The only
fundamental difference, if any between problems of curve fitting and
regression is that in regression, any of the variables may be considered
as independent or dependent while in curve fitting, one variable cannot
be dependent.
Curve of regression and regression equation:
• If two variates are correlated i.e., there exists an association or
relationship between them, then the scatter diagram

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 130

 Regression Analysis(CO1)

will be more or less concentrated round a curve. This curve is called the
curve of regression and the relationship is said to be expressed by
means of curvilinear regression.
• The mathematical equation of the regression curve is called
regression equation.

Some following types of regression will discuss here:

 Linear Regression
 Non- linear Regression
 Multiple linear Regression

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 131

 Linear Regression(CO1)

 LINEAR REGRESSION:
• When the point of the scatter diagram concentrated round a straight
line, the regression is called linear and this straight line is known as
the line of regression.
• Regression will be called non-linear if there exists a relationship
other than a straight line between the variables under consideration.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 132

 Linear Regression(CO1)

LINES OF REGRESSION: A line of regression is the straight line

which gives the best fit in the least square sense to the given frequency.

LINES OF REGRESSION:
Let ----.(1)
be the equation of regression line of
(2)
(3)
Solving (2) and (3) for ‘’ and ‘’ we get.
…..(4)

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 133

 Linear Regression(CO1)

(5)
Eqt.(5) given
Hence line passes through point
Putting in equation ,we get
………(6)
Eqt.(6) is called regression line of is called the regression coefficient of
and is usually denoted by

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 134

 Linear Regression(CO1)

Where is the regression coefficient of and is given by

Or where the terms have their usual meanings.

USE OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS:
A) In the field of a business this tool of statistical analysis is widely
used .Businessmen are interested in predicting future production,
Consumption ,investment, prices, profits and sales etc.
B) In the field of economic planning and sociological studies,
projections of population birth rates ,death and other similar variables
are of great use.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 135

 Linear Regression(CO1)

Where are mean values while

In eqt.(3),shifting the origin to, we get

Where is the coefficient of correlation are the standard deviations of

series respectively.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 136

 Regression Analysis Properties(CO1)

Properties of Regression Coefficients:

Property 1. Correlation coefficient is the geometric mean between the
regression coefficients.
Proof :The coefficients of regression are and .
G.M. between them=coefficient of correlation.
Property 2.If one of the regression coefficients is greater than unity,
the other must be less than unity.
Proof. The two regression coefficients are and .

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 137

 Regression Analysis Properties(CO1)

Let 1,then
Since .

Similarly if
Property 3.Airthmetic mean of regression coefficient is greater than
the Correlation coefficient.
Proof. We have to prove that

r+r

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 138

 Regression Analysis Properties(CO1)

which is true.
Property 4:Regression coefficients are independent of the origin but
not of scale.
Proof. Let

Similarly, ,
Thus and are both independent of a and b but not of

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 139

 Regression Analysis Properties(CO1)

Property 5:The correlation coefficient and the two regression

coefficient have same sign.
Proof: Regression coefficient of
Regression coefficient of

Since and are both positive; and have same sign.

• Angle Between Two Lines of Regression:

If is the acute angle between the two regression lines in the case of two
variables ,show that

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 140

 Regression Analysis Properties(CO1)

where have their usual meanings.

Explain the significance of the formula where
Proof: Equations to the lines of regression of
and ()=
The slopes are and
tan

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 141

 Regression Analysis Properties(CO1)

Since and are positive.

tan Where the two lines of regression are Perpendicular to each other.
Hence the estimated value of is the same for all values of and vice
versa.
When so that
Hence the lines of regression coincide and there is perfect correlation
between the two variates

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 142

 Linear Regression(CO1)

Q. The equation of two regression lines, obtained in a correlation

analysis of 60 observations are:
What is the correlation
Coefficient ?Show that the ratio of coefficient of variability of is What
is the ratio of variance of
Solution: Regression line of

Regression line of

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 143

 Linear Regression(CO1)

=……..(3)
=0.768….(4)
Multiply equations(3) and (4) we get

Dividing (3) by (4) we get

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 144

 Linear Regression(CO1)

Taking square root, we get

=
Since the regression lines pass through the point( we have

1000
Solving the above equation ,we get =6, =1
Coefficient of variability of
Coefficient of variability of
Required ratio=

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 145

 Non-Linear Regression(CO1)

 Non-linear Regression:
Let
Be a second degree parabolic curve of regression of on

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 146

 Multiple Linear Regression(CO1)

 Multiple Linear Regression:

Where the dependent variable is a function of two or more linear or non
linear independent variables. consider such a linear function as

Solving the above equations we get values of then we get linear

function is called the regression plan.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 147

 Multiple Linear Regression(CO1)

Q. Obtain a regression plane by using multiple linear regression

To fit the data given below.

1 2 3 4
12 18 24 30
0 1 2 3

Sol. Let
be determined by following equations.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 148

 Multiple Linear Regression(CO1)

Here Substitution yields,

84=

156=6a+20b+14c

Hence the required regression plane is

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 149

 Multiple Linear Regression(CO1)

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 150

 Daily Quiz(CO1)

Q1 Two lines of regression are given by and and =16.Calculate

(i) the mean of and
(ii) variance of
(iii) The correlation coefficient.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 151

 Weekly Assignment(CO1)

Q1. Fit a straight line trend by the method of least square to the
following data:
Year 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
5 7 9 10 12 17
Production

Q2. From the following data calculate Karl Pearson's coefficient

of skewness
Marks 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Less than
No. of 10 30 60 110 150 180 200
students

Q3. Write regression equations of X on Y and of Y on X for the

following data -

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 152

 Weekly Assignment(CO1)

X 1 2 3 4 5
Y 2 4 5 3 6

Q4. Fit a straight line trend by the method of least squares to the
following data: -
Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Sales of T.V. 7 10 12 14 17 24
sets (in’000)

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 153

 Faculty Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL Video Links and
Online Courses Details

Suggested Youtube/other Video Links:

https://youtu.be/wWenULjri40
https://youtu.be/mL9-WX7wLAo
https://youtu.be/nPsfqz9EljY
https://youtu.be/nqPS29IvnHk
https://youtu.be/aaQXMbpbNKw
https://youtu.be/wDXMYRPup0Y
https://youtu.be/m9a6rg0tNSM
https://youtu.be/Qy1YAKZDA7k
https://youtu.be/Qy1YAKZDA7k
https://youtu.be/s94k4H6AE54
https://youtu.be/lBB4stn3exM
https://youtu.be/0WejW9MiTGg
https://youtu.be/QAEZOhE13Wg
https://youtu.be/ddYNq1TxtM0
https://youtu.be/YciBHHeswBM
https://youtu.be/VCJdg7YBbAQ
https://youtu.be/VCJdg7YBbAQ
https://youtu.be/yhzJxftDgms
05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 154
 MCQ (CO1)

Q1. Which one is true

i. Correlation helps to determine the validity of a test.
ii. Correlation helps to determine the reliability of a test.
iii. Correlation indicates the nature of the relationship between two
variables.
iv. All of the above
Q2. Which one is true

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 155

 MCQ (CO1)

Q3. Sum of squares of items 2430, mean is 7 N=12, find the variance.
i. 176.5
ii. 12.38
iii. 153.26
iv. 14
Q4. Calculate the standard variation of the following
9, 8, 6,5,8,6
v. 2
vi. 3
vii. 1.414
viii. 2.414

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 156

 Glossary (CO1)

Q 1 An in complete distribution is given below:

x 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
f 12 30 X 65 Y 25 18
Given that median value is 46 and N=229
i. X
ii. Y
iii. Mean
iv. Mode
Pick the correct option from glossary
a. 45.82
b. 33.5
c. 46.07
d. 45
05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 157
 Glossary (CO1)

Q2. For the following:

i. Equation of line y on x
ii. Regression coefficient x on y
iii. Correlation coefficient
iv. Equation of line x on y
Pick the correct option from glossary

a. r(x,y)

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 158

 Old Question Papers

First Sessional Set-1 (CSE,IT,CS,ECE,IOT).docx

Second Sessional Set-2 (CSE,IT,CS,ECE,IOT).docx
Maths IV PUT.docx
Maths IV final paper_2022.pdf

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 159

 End Semester Question Paper

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 160

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 End Semester Question Paper

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 161

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 End Semester Question Paper

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 162

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 End Semester Question Paper

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 163

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 End Semester Question Paper

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 164

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 End Semester Question Paper

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 165

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 End Semester Question Paper

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 166

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 End Semester Question Paper

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 167

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 End Semester Question Paper

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 168

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 End Semester Question Paper

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 169

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 End Semester Question Paper

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathemat 170

ics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402
 Expected Questions for University Exam(CO1)

Q1 Obtain normal equation by method of least square to the curve .Fit it to the
following data:
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 1 2
21 11 7 6 5 6
Q2. Find the multiple linear regressions of on and from the data relating to
three variables:
7 12 17 20
4 7 9 12
1 2 5 8
Q3. If is the angle between the two line of regression.then express in terms of
correlation coefficient. Explain the significance when and
Q4. Two lines of regression are given by and and =16.Calculate-(i) the
mean of and (ii) S.D. of (iii) the correlation coefficient.
•

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 171

 Expected Questions for University Exam(CO1)

Q5 An incomplete distribution of families according to their

expenditure per week is given below. The median and mode for the
distribution are Rs 25 and Rs 24 respectively. Calculate the missing
frequencies.
Expenditure 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
No. of families 14 ? 27 ? 15

Q6. The first four moments of a distribution about 2 are 1,2.5,5.5 and
16 resp.Calculate the four moments about mean and about the origin.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 172

 Recap (CO1)

We discussed the following topics:

 Measures of central tendency – mean, median,
mode
 Moment
 Skewness
 Kurtosis
 Curve fitting
 Least squares principles of curve fitting
 Correlation
 Regression analysis

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 173

 References

Text Books
• Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 9thEdition,
John Wiley & Sons, 2006.

• P. G. Hoel, S. C. Port and C. J. Stone, Introduction to Probability

Theory, Universal Book Stall, 2003(Reprint).

• S. Ross: A First Course in Probability, 6th Ed., Pearson Education

India, 2002.

• W. Feller, An Introduction to Probability Theory and its

Applications, Vol. 1, 3rd Ed., Wiley, 1968.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 174

 References

Reference Books
• B.S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna Publishers,
35th Edition, 2000. 2.T.Veerarajan : Engineering Mathematics (for
semester III), Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.

• R.K. Jain and S.R.K. Iyenger: Advance Engineering Mathematics;

Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.

• J.N. Kapur: Mathematical Statistics; S. Chand & Sons Company

Limited, New Delhi.

• D.N.Elhance,V. Elhance & B.M. Aggarwal: Fundamentals of

Statistics; Kitab Mahal Distributers, New Delhi.

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 175

 Thank
You

05/17/2025 Dr. Lokesh Chaudhary Engg. Mathematics IV UNIT 1 BAS0402 176