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Lecture02IntroductiontothePersonalComputerPartII Ab3a5bf3 09fc 49c4 939f Daa06218938c 83662

Lecture 02 covers the fundamentals of personal computer architecture, including the CPU, motherboard components, and memory types. It explains the roles of various internal components, such as CPU sockets, RAM classifications, and cooling systems. Additionally, it discusses advanced CPU features like hyper-threading, overclocking, and the importance of cache memory.

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2 views

Lecture02IntroductiontothePersonalComputerPartII Ab3a5bf3 09fc 49c4 939f Daa06218938c 83662

Lecture 02 covers the fundamentals of personal computer architecture, including the CPU, motherboard components, and memory types. It explains the roles of various internal components, such as CPU sockets, RAM classifications, and cooling systems. Additionally, it discusses advanced CPU features like hyper-threading, overclocking, and the importance of cache memory.

Uploaded by

shadow.premium.tg
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lecture

02
Introduction to the Personal
computer- PII
CT4005NI - Computer Hardware and Software
Architectures
Lecture 02’s Objectives
•Describe a computer system.
•Concept of CPU and different types of CPU socket.
•Advance features of CPU,
•Concept of Computer Memory,
•Classification of RAM,
•Internal components of Motherboard.
Recap : Internal components
Recap
● Module description
● IT Certifications
● Computer case and their firmware:- Mini-ITX, Micro-ATX, ATX
and EATX
● Power Supply Units and their power connectors:- P1 24-pin, 4-
Pin Molex and Mini Molex (Berg), 15-pin SATA, 6/8-pin
PCIE and 4-pin power connector
● PSU color coding : (orange:+3.3V, Red:+5V, White:-5V,
yellow:+12V, blue:- -12V)
● Internal components: Hard disks, RAM, Adapter cards,
motherboard
● Motherboard components: CPU Sockets, RAM slot, PCI Slots,
SATA/PATA ports, power connector ports, chipsets, I/O
ports, CMOS and so on.
2.1 Internal Components :
CPU
● The central processing unit (CPU) is considered the brain of the
computer.
● Most calculations take place in the CPU.

● CPUs come in different form factors, each style requiring a


particular slot or socket on the motherboard.
Intel AM
D
2.1 Internal Components : CPU

● Unlike Slot-based processors, most CPU sockets


and processors in use todayare built
around the Pin Grid Array (PGA) architecture,
in which the pins on the underside of the
processor are inserted into the socket,
usually with Zero Insertion Force (ZIF).

● The CPU executes a sequence of stored


instructions
called a Program.
2.2 Motherboard Components : CPU
Sockets
• A CPU socket is the place where we actually place a CPU in the
Motherboard.
• They are commonly either LGA or PGA with a ZIF mechanism.
• Well known CPU manufacturers are Intel and AMD.
Common Intel Common AMD
Sockets Sockets
a. LGA 775 a. Socket AM2
b. LGA 1156 b. Socket AM3
c. LGA 1366 c. Socket AM3+
d. LGA 1155 d. Socket FM1
e. LGA 2011 e. Socket FM2
f. LGA 1150 f. Socket FM2+
2.2 Motherboard Components : CPU
Sockets
Common Intel
Sockets
LGA LGA LGA LGA
775 1156 1366 1155
2.2 Motherboard Components : CPU
Sockets
Common Intel Sockets
LGA 1155 (i5 LGA 1150 (i7
LGA 1150 (i3
CPU) CPU)
CPU)

2nd Gen Sandy bridge uses LGA 1155


3rd Gen Ivy Bridge uses LGA 1155
4th gen Haswell uses LGA 1150
5th Gen broadwell uses LGA 1150
2.3 CPU - Advanced Features

● While the CPU is executing one step of the program, the other
instructions and data are stored in cache memory.
CPU Architecture x86 and x64:

● x86 or 32 bit CPU architecture registers to store values of up to


2^32 = 4 billion, 294 million, 967 thousand and 296

● x64 or 64 bit CPU architecture registers to store values of up to


2^64 = 18 quintillion, 446 quadrillion, 744 trillion, 073 billion, 709
million, 551 thousand 616
2.3 CPU - Advanced Features

Hyper threading

● It is used to enhance performance of


the CPU where multiple pieces of code
would be executing simultaneously on
each pipelines.

● To an operating system, a single CPU with


hyper threading performs as though there
are two CPUs.
2.3 CPU - Advanced
Features
Speed measurement : clock speed
● The power of a CPU is measured by the
speed and the amount of data that it can
process.

● The speed of a CPU is rated in cycles per


second. Example MHz, GHz.

● The amount of data that a CPU can process


at one time depends on the size of the
processor data bus (FSB) or the system
crystal.
2.3 CPU - Advanced Features

Overclocking
● Makes processor to work at a
faster speed than normal but
can result damage to CPU.
2.3 CPU - Advanced Features

CPU Throttling
● Processor runs at less than the rated
speed
to save power and produces hea
less Commonly used in t
Laptops and Mobile devices.
2.4 CPU - Cores
● A CPU contains one or more execution blocks
which are known as core(s)
● More cores can execute more than one
set of instructions simultaneously

Type on the basis of cores


● Single Core - one core inside a single
CPU that handles all the processing.
● Dual Core - Two cores and both can
process information at same time.
● Triple Core - Quad-core with one processor
disabled.
● Quad Core - Four cores and all can
process information simultaneously.
● Others - Hexa, octa, deca and dodeca cores
2.5 Internal Components : Cooling
systems
● Electronic components generate heat which is
caused by the flow of current within the components.
● Case Fans - It increases the air flow in the
computer case to remove the heat generated
inside.
● CPU Fans - A heat sink at bottom of CPU Fans draws
heat from the core of the CPU and Fan moves it away.
● Graphics Card Cooling System - Fans are dedicated
to cool the graphics-processing unit (GPU).
● Computers with extremely fast CPUs and GPUs may use a
water-cooling system where a metal plate is placed
over the processor and water is pumped over the top to
collect the heat that the CPU creates.
2.6 Internal Components : memory
2.6 Computer memory : Primary

● Directly accessed by the CPU


● Also known as primary memory
○ ROM - Read Only Memory
○ RAM - Read Access Memory
○ Cache memory
● RAM and cache are volatile
while ROM is non-volatile
2.7 Primary memory : ROM

ROM (Read Only Memory)


● It contains instructions that can be directly accessed by
the CPU.

● ROM chips are non-volatile and are located on the


motherboard.

● Basic instructions for booting the computer and

loading the operating system are stored in ROM.

● Its contents can't be erased by normal means.

● Types: ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM


2.8 Primary memory : RAM

RAM (Random Access Memory)


● It is the temporary storage for data and
programs that are being accessed by the
CPU.
● The more RAM in a computer,
the more capacity the computer has to hold
and process large programs and files, as well
as enhance system performance.
● Types: SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, DDR (1,2,3 and 4)
RAM
2.8 Primary memory : RAM

Memory Modules
● Today's memory modules are the special circuit
board with memory chips on it.
● Types: DIMM (Dual Inline MM), SODIMM
(Simple Outline DIMM), SIMM (Single Inline MM)
● Single-sided memory modules only contain RAM on
one side of the module.
● Double-sided memory modules contain RAM on both
sides of the module.
2.8 Primary memory : RAM

Types of DRAM:
DRAM- Dynamic RAM
SDRAM- Synchronous Dynamic RAM
● DDR-SDRAM (Double Data Rate - Synchronous Dynamic
RAM)
● DDR2-SDRAM
● DDR3-SDRAM
● DDR4-SDRAM
● DDR5-SDRAM
2.8 Primary memory : RAM

b.DDR -
SDRAM
(184-pins)

c.DDR2 -
SDRAM
(240-pins)

d. DDR3 - SDRAM
(240-pins)
2.8 Primary memory : RAM

e. DDR4-
SDRAM
(288-pins)

f. DDR5-
SDRAM
(288-pins)
2.8 Primary memory : RAM

Comparis
on
2.9 Primary memory : RAM

Cache Memory
● SRAM is used as cache memory to
store the most frequently used data
and provides the processor with
faster access to the data.
● Types: L1, L2, L3
2.10 Internal Components : Adapter
cards
• Adapter cards increase the functionality of a computer
by adding controllers for specific devices or by
replacing malfunctioning ports.
• Example: NIC, Wireless NIC, Sound and Video
adapter, TV Tuner, Modem adapter, USB
(Universal Serial Bus).
2.11 Motherboard Components :
expansion slot
● Three types:-
○ PCI : Peripheral Component
Interconnect
○ AGP : Advanced Graphics Port
○ PCIe : Peripheral Component
Interconnect Express

● PCI : It is a 32-bit expansion slot and


was used in most computers.

PCI in a Motherboard
PCI
2.12 Motherboard Components :
expansion slot
● AGP (Advanced Graphic Port): It is a 32-bit
expansion slot and is designed for video
adapters.
● PCIe (PCI Express): It is a serial bus
expansion slot. It has replaced AGP as an
expansion slot for video adapters and can be
also used for other types of adapters.
2.13 Internal Components : storage
drives
6. Storage Drives

● Storage Drives read or write information


to magnetic or chip based or optical storage
media.
● The drive can be used to store data permanently
or to retrieve information from a media disk.
Floppy Drive
● A floppy drive, or floppy disk drive, is a storage
device that uses removable 3.5-inch floppy disks
(5.25-inch is obsolete).
2.14 Internal Components : storage
drives
6. Storage Drives -Hard Drive
● A hard drive, or hard disk drive, is a
magnetic storage device that is installed inside the
computer.

● The hard drive is used as permanent storage for data.

● The storage capacity of a hard drive is measured in billions


of bytes, or gigabytes (GB).

● The speed of a hard drive is


measured in revolutions per minute (RPM).

● Multiple hard drives can be added to increase


storage capacity.
2.14 Internal Components : storage drives

● Newer Hard Disk Drive are SSDs (Solid State Drives).

● It uses far less energy than traditional magnetic drives.

● It has same form factor and uses ATA or SATA interfaces.

● Hence, can replace magnetic drives.


End of Lecture for week
02

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question ?

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