NAGPUR COLLEGE OF

PHARMACY
TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY
SYSTEM
Skin Patches

PRESENTED BY

SIDDHI Mc SHRIGIRIWAR
PRIYA Vc NIKAM
 TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

CONTENTS

Backing

INTRODUCTION Drug
PATCHES
APPROACH Membrane
PERMEATION THROUGH SKIN
Adhesive
BASIC COMPONENTS
FORMULATION Linear
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES Medicated Transdermal Patch
 TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
 Transdermal Drug Delivery System uses complete patches to give drugs topically.
 Skin application for enclosed drug delivery bloodstream over time,
improving therapeutic efficacy and minimizing unwanted effects.
 A transdermal or skin patch is an adhesive patch that contains medication or drugs. Skin to
deliver the drug to the bloodstream.
 TDDS keeps drug concentrations within the therapeutic window over extended periods,
preventing levels from falling below the minimum or exceeding the maximum effective
concentration.

• Improvepatient compliance
Characteristics • Enhance therapeutic
efficiency
• Exhibit skin penetration
 PATCHES

Medicated adhesive patch non-toxic and non-

carcinogenic

P exhibit good mechanical

Attach to the skin to pass a particular dose to the systemic R strength
circulation O
P
do not encounter drug
E leakage
R
T
Maintains drug/ material concentration can incorporate various
I
drugs
E
S
The effective concentration
{Avoid overdosing}
APPROAC

SYSTEM
TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY
H
Membrane Permeation

Adhesive Dispersion
Preparation of solution
Coating of matrix layer
Making multilayer laminates
Separate unit
Packaging

Matrix Diffusion
Controlled System

Micro-sealed
Dissolution System or
CLASSIFICATION

TDDS

Rate-programmed system Physical stimuli

{Transdermal patches} {Activated system}

Drug in reservoir
{Membrane type} Structure-based system
{ecgc microneedles}
Drug in matrix
{{Monolithic type} Velocity-based system
{ecgc get propulsion}
Drug in adhesive
{Matrix}
Electrically-based system
{ecgc iontophoresis
Drug in micro-reservoir Sonophoresis}
{reservoir in the adhesive matrix}
 TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Backing Backing
Drug
Adhesive Drug Membrane
Liner Adhesive
Liner
Drug in matrix
Drug in reservoir
{Monolithic type} CLAS
{Membrane type}
S
Backing

Drug + Adhesive
Backing

Membrane
Liner Drug + Adhesive

Drug in micro- Liner

reservoir Drug in adhesive

{reservoir in the adhesive {Matrix}
 TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

 TDDS targets systemic medicine levels through

topical application on healthy skin. The human skin's PERMEATION THROUGH SKIN
structural and biochemical properties affect its barrier
function and medication absorption rate.

 Layers of skin: the epidermis and the dermis, sometimes

known as the corium.
 Hair shafts and gland ducts can penetrate these layers. Epidermi
s
2
The largest organ, covering around 2m . The skin
Dermi
consists of three layers: s
 hypodermis,
 dermis, Subcutaneous
tissue
 epidermis.
 TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

FACTORS AFFECTING {TDDS PERMEATION}

Properties of penetrant
•Pka
•pH

Physicochemical properties of delivery system

Factors
{TDDS} •Affinity

Physiological and pathological skin condition

•Skin age
•Lipid film
•Skin hydration and temprature
•Pathological Injury to Skin
 TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

BASIC
COMPONENTS

Polymer matrix
Membrane
Drug
Penetration enhancers
(PSA)
Backing,
Liner
Excipients
TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY
SYSTEM

Backing
Patch
Drug

Membrane

Adhesive

Linear
Drug systemic circulation
 TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Polymer Matrix

Polymers act as controlling medication release from the device. A polymer matrix can be
created by scattering drugs. In TDDS, use biocompatible and chemically compatible
polymers with the drug and other materials or excipients. When selecting a polymer for
TDDS, consider the following criteria:
 The polymers should facilitate drug diffusion and release.
 The polymer should be stable,, easy to make into the required product, and affordable,
aggressive toward the host.
 Incorporating substantial amounts of active chemicals should not negatively impact
the polymer's mechanical properties.
 TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Examples
1) Synthetics include silicone, nitrile, acrylonitrile, butyl, styrene-butadiene rubber, and
neoprene.
3) Synthetic polymers include polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polymethyl methacrylate, and epoxy.

Membrane

A membrane sealed to the backing to create a patch.

The membrane's diffusion qualities affect the delivery of drugs. Rate-controlling membranes
include ethylene vinyl acetate, silicone rubber, and polyurethane, among others are the examples.
 TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Drug

A TDDS formulation requires careful selection of the medicament to be integrated.

The drug parameters necessary for an ideal drug candidate for TDDS are classified into:

1) Physical-chemical properties: This includes:

 Weight should be < 1000 Daltons.
 The medication has an affinity for both polar and non-polar.
 Extreme partitioning characteristics do not promote effective medication delivery.
 The medication has a low melting point.
 To prevent skin injury, use solutions with a pH range of 4.2–5.6.
 TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

2) Biological Properties:

The medicine is powerful, requiring a dose few milligrams.

The drug’s shelf-life should be short.
The medicine should not irritate or cause allergies.
Drugs that break down in the GIT by hepatic first-pass metabolism.
Examples include Nicardipine hydrochloride, Nicotine,
Contraceptive, and Nitrendipine.

Permeation Enhancers

Permeation enhancers, also known as sorption promoters or accelerants, can improve TDDS
levels. These drugs improve the penetration in SC.
layer to achieve greater therapeutic medication. Permeation enhancers interact with the
structural SC layer, altering barrier functions.
 TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

An optimal penetration enhancer should possess the following characteristics:

 It must be pharmacologically inactive, affordable, and cosmetically acceptable.
 Be irritant-free, and hypoallergenic.
 Have reversible effects on the stratum corneum's barrier properties.
 Be easily integrated into the TDDS.
The approaches are as follows:

Chemical enhancers: Chemicals known as accelerators, absorption promoters, or penetration

enhancers are used to increase drug penetration when applied topically. Chemical enhancers
function in the following ways:
Co-solvents improve medication thermodynamic action.
They improve the drug's partition coefficient.
They increase penetration.
Examples- DMSO, Oleic acid, methanol, EDTA, methanol,
propylene glycol, lauric aid, and azone.
 TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives (PSAs)

PSAs are materials attached to substrates (TDDS) light force is applied and leaves behind no
residue on removal. This degree of contact can be obtained if the material is sensitive to pressure,
i.e., it deforms under slight pressure. Adhesion involves a liquid-like flow, thus the adhesives make
the skin surface wet; while the adhesive sets in that state on the removal of pressure. Pressure-
sensitive adhesives (PSAs). Examples- are acrylic acid, hydrocarbon resin, and silicone-based
PSAs.
PSAs stick to a substrate (skin in TDDS) with light force, leaving no residue upon removal. These
materials form.
At the interface, attractive forces between atoms and molecules only exist when they are nearby.
The material can achieve this level of touch if it is pressure-sensitive and deforms under light
pressure. Adhesives create a liquid-like flow that wets the skin surface when pressure is applied
and then sets when pressure is released.
 TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
FORMULATION

Polymer
+ DMH solu
Drug +
+ Methanol
Plasticize
100RPM 100RPM Casting Solu
r
Methanol Polymer Solution

Poured
into Petri dish

Solvent

Evaporation

Room Tempc for 2 8cm

Transdermal Patch
days (drying)
 TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY
SYSTEM
Backing Laminates

Backings provide TDDS with a distinct appearance, flexibility, and occlusion. Therefore, the
material's chemical resistance should be important.
Considered when creating a backing layer. Excipient compatibility is important because
prolonged interaction might cause excipients to be leached or drugs to diffuse through the layer.

Release Liner

A transdermal patch is wrapped with a protective liner. The liner is removed and discarded
before the patch is applied to the skin.
A release liner consists of either a non-occlusive base layer (e.g., paper fabric) or an occlusive
base layer (e.g., polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride) with a silicon or Teflon coating. TDDS-release
liners can be made of polyester foil or metalized laminates.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
THANK
-SIDDHI SHRIGIRIWAR

YOU