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2301section3_2

The document covers the concepts of one-to-one functions, inverse functions, and their derivatives, particularly focusing on logarithmic and exponential functions. It explains how to determine if a function is one-to-one, how to find inverse functions, and provides theorems related to the continuity and differentiability of inverse functions. Additionally, it includes properties of logarithms, rules for derivatives, and the method of logarithmic differentiation for simplifying complex derivatives.

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shakeeledu1996
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8 views

2301section3_2

The document covers the concepts of one-to-one functions, inverse functions, and their derivatives, particularly focusing on logarithmic and exponential functions. It explains how to determine if a function is one-to-one, how to find inverse functions, and provides theorems related to the continuity and differentiability of inverse functions. Additionally, it includes properties of logarithms, rules for derivatives, and the method of logarithmic differentiation for simplifying complex derivatives.

Uploaded by

shakeeledu1996
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Derivatives of Logarithmic

and Exponential functions


One-to-one functions
• Definition: A function f is called a one-to-one
function if it never takes on the same value
twice; that is
f(x1) ≠ f(x2) whenever x1 ≠ x2.

• Horizontal line test: A function f is one-to-one if


and only if no horizontal line intersects its graph
more than once.
• Examples: f(x) = x3 is one-to-one
but f(x) = x2 is not.
Inverse functions
• Definition: Let f be a one-to-one function with
domain A and range B. Then the inverse
function f -1 has domain B and range A and is
defined by
f  1 ( y )  x  f ( x)  y
for any y in B.
• Note: f -1(x) does not mean 1 / f(x) .
• Example: The inverse of f(x) = x3 is f -1(x)=x1/3
• Cancellation equations:
f  1 ( f ( x))  x for every x in A
f ( f  1 ( x))  x for every x in B
How to find the inverse function of
a one-to-one function f
• Step 1: Write y=f(x)
• Step 2: Solve this equation for x in terms of y (if
possible)
• Step 3: To express f -1 as a function of x, interchange
x and y. The resulting equation is y = f -1(x)

• Example: Find the inverse of f(x) = 5 - x3

y 5  x 3 x 3 5  y x 3 5  y
Thus, the inverse function is f ( x) 3 5  x
Another example:

1
f x   x 1
2
1
y  x 1
2

Solve for x:
1
y  1 x
2 Inverse functions
are reflections
2 y  2 x about y = x.
x 2 y  2
Switch x and y: y 2 x  2 f  1  x  2 x  2
Derivative of inverse function
First consider an example:
y x 2 Slopes are
f  x  x 2
x 0
reciprocals.
df
2 x
dx
2, 4  m 4
At x = 2:
f 2  22 4 y x
1
df 4, 2  m  4
2  2 2 4
dx

f  1 x   x At x = 4:
f  1 4   4 2
df  1 1

dx 2 x df  1 1 1 1
4    
dx 2 4 2 2 4
Calculus of inverse
functions
• Theorem: If f is a one-to-one continuous function
defined on an interval then its inverse function f -1 is
also continuous.
• Theorem: If f is a one-to-one differentiable function
with inverse function f -1 and f ′ (f -1 (a)) ≠ 0, then the
inverse function is differentiable and
1 1
( f )(a )  1

f ( f (a ))
• Example: Find (f -1 )′ (1) for f(x) = x3 + x + 1
Solution: By inspection f(0)=1, thus f -1(1) = 0
Then ( f  1 )(1)  1 1 1
1
  1
f ( f (1)) f (0) 2
3 0  1
Logarithmic Functions
Consider f  x  a x
where a>0 and a≠1
This is a one-to-one function, therefore it has an inverse.
The inverse is called the logarithmic function with base a.
y
log a x  y  a  x
Example: 16 24 4 log 2 16

The most commonly used bases for logs are 10: log10 x log x
and e: log e x ln x
y ln x is called the natural logarithm function.
Properties of
a log a x
x Logarithms
log a x
 x a  0 , a 1 , x  0 
a

Since logs and exponentiation are inverse functions, they


“un-do” each other.

Product rule: log a xy log a x  log a y


x
Quotient rule: log a log a x  log a y
y
y
Power rule: log a x  y log a x

ln x
Change of base formula: log a x 
ln a
Derivatives of Logarithmic and
Exponential functions
d 1 d 1
log a x   ln x  
dx x ln a dx x
d x d x
dx
 
a a ln ax

dx
 
e e x

Examples on the board.


Logarithmic Differentiation
The calculation of derivatives of complicated functions
involving products, quotients, or powers can often be
simplified by taking logarithms.
• Step 1: Take natural logarithms of both sides of an
equation y = f (x) and use the properties of
logarithms to simplify.
• Step 2: Differentiate implicitly with respect to x
• Step 3: Solve the resulting equation for y′

Examples on the board

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