4TH QUARTER: WEEK 1

Other Related Geologic

Hazards

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

LEARNING TARGETS

At the end of this lesson the learners

should be able to:

● Explain the causes and types of geological

hazards.
● Enumerate signs of impending geological
hazards.
● Apply mitigation strategies to prevent loss of
lives and properties due to geological hazards.
Lesson 1
Ground Subsidence

Unit 6| Other Related Geological Hazards

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

3
Ground Subsidence: A Silent Hazard

4
ACTIVITY 1:

Think-Pair-Share (2 recitation
stamps)
Question:
• What is ground subsidence
and explain why do you think
it is called a silent hazard?
ACTIVITY 2: LET'S GET
REAL
Several areas in Metro Manila are subsiding. This situation is a type of
hazard called ground subsidence.

From 1979 to 2009, areas in Metro Manila sank 0.68 meters to 1.34
meters, according to the National Mapping and Resource Information
Authority (NAMRIA).

One of the areas affected by groundwater subsidence is CAMANAVA,

which comprises Caloocan City, Malabon City, Navotas City, and
Valenzuela City. It is mainly due to excessive groundwater pumping by
fishpond operators (Rodolfo and Siringanin 2006).

If the ground in this area continues to sink, the dikes protecting the
CAMANAVA from seawater incursion may eventually be overtopped,
resulting in unexpected floods.

6
ACTIVITY 2: LET'S GET
REAL
Guide questions: (3 recitation
stamps)
1.What is the main cause of ground
subsidence in urban cities like
CAMANAVA?
2.Based on what you have read, what are
the possible results or effect/s of ground
subsidence as a geological hazard?
7
What Is Ground Subsidence?
 The United States Geological
Survey (USGS) defined it as the
loss of surface elevation due
to the removal of subsurface
support.

 According to the International

Hydrological Programme of the
United Nations Educational,
Scientific, and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO), it
occurs in many parts of the
world, particularly in densely-
populated, deltaic regions,
Types of Ground Subsidence
Also termed as sinkholes, results from
too much groundwater extraction in
urban settlements.

Types of Sinkholes:
● dissolution sinkholes
● cover-subsidence sinkholes
● cover-collapse sinkholes
● human-induced sinkholes
Types of Ground Subsidence
Dissoluti Dissolution can be described as the process of dissolving
on rocks, often by water or acid. This type of sinkhole forms
from the dissolution of the limestone or dolomite. It can
sinkhole
also occur where water passes through pre-existing
s openings, crevices, or fractures in rocks.
Cover- In areas where the covering sediments contain sand
subsiden and are permeable, cover-subsidence sinkholes can
ce eventually develop.
sinkhole
s
Cover- It occurs in areas where the covering sediments
collapse contain a significant amount of clay. These sinkholes
sinkhole may develop abruptly (over a period of hours) and cause
catastrophic damage.
s
Cause -> Effect -> Tips

CAUSE EFFECT TIPS

● Natural and ● It can impact agricultural ● Find alternative
anthropogenic. lands, industrial processes, sources of
● natural processes or as and infrastructure.
● Dissolution and
effects of human activities. ●
groundwater.
Farmlands, irrigation
diversion of natural ● Avoid building
systems, and groundwater
water drainage wells can be destroyed. infrastructure at
● Infrastructures that are on certain distances near
patterns or subsiding ground can also land fissures.
dewatering. be damaged or destroyed. ● Route drainage away
● Compaction of ● Mining areas, tunnels, and
from cracks.
surrounding areas can
soil. collapse.
● Prohibit residential
● Subterranean ● It can cause injuries and zones in or near
mining. fatalities. fissure areas or
● Thawing ground with high
subsidence
permafrost.
susceptibility.
EXERCISE 1:
What type/s of ground subsidence is/are
shown here?
Lesson 2
Rainfall-Induced Landslide

Unit 6| Other related geological hazards

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

13
What is Rainfall-Induced Landslide?
Types of Rainfall-Induced Landslide

Major Types of
Landslides
A fall begins when the material on cliffs or steep
1 Rock Fall slopes loses support or becomes fractured from
the main rock. The fastest type of landslide/mass
wasting.
A topple happens when a block of material is
2 Rock Topple detached from a steep slope, such as a cliff, and
moves forward and downward around a point of an
axis in a rotating motion.
A slide occurs when the detached mass of
3 Block Slide rocks, soil, and sometimes organic matter
moves along a downward-sloping surface.
Types of Rainfall-Induced Landslide

Major Types of
Landslides
A flow occurs when materials from gentle
slopes are detached and flow like a viscous
liquid along a surface.
4 Mud Flow
• debris flow
• debris avalanche
• earth flow

5 Lateral It occurs when the mass of soil or rocks

Spread extends or spreads laterally.
Types of Rainfall-Induced Landslide

Lateral Spread
What is Rainfall-Induced Landslide?

Includes the shape of Include properties of Include development

land and its slope, rock and soil, activities that modify the
tectonic and volcanic permeability and geological and
activities, erosion and stiffness of materials morphological factors of
deposition, water, the can also be factors the land. Mining,
amount of vegetation that will make chunks excavation, building of
on the rock and soil of land susceptible to roads and dams,
surface as well as the landslide. irrigation, and
boundaries of the land deforestation are some of
EXERCISE 2:
Identify the type of rainfall-induced landslide
is being described in each item.

1. It occurs when materials from gentle slopes are

detached and flow like a viscous liquid.
2. It happens when a block of rock moves forward
and downward around a point of an axis in a
rotating motion.
3. It is when the detached mass of rocks, soil, and
sometimes organic matter moves along a
downward-sloping surface.
Lesson 3
Coastal Erosion

Unit 6| Other related geological hazards

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

20
What Is Coastal Erosion?

Coastal Erosion
It involves breaking and removing materials from the
coastline due to wave action, tidal currents, and human
activities.

Types of Coastal Erosion

Mechanical
Mass
Bioerosion Erosion of Weathering
Movements
Waves
Types of Coastal Erosion
Mass Mechanical
Bioerosion Erosion of Weathering
Movements
Waves
It is the The steep slopes It is the main erosion Coastal cliffs and
removal of of rocky shores are factor in coastal intertidal coastal
rocks and unstable and are environment, through platforms are
minerals prone to mass high energy waves or exposed to
through the movements storms waves. In low alternating wetting
actions of depending on the energy conditions, the and drying of salt
spray, wave swash,
Organisms. properties and erosive action of tides, and rain.
structure of its waves is reduced; Subsequently, they
rock composition. however, they still constitute suitable
contribute environment for
significantly to the many physical and
removal of weathered chemical processes
material. of weathering.
Types of Coastal Erosion

Mechanical
Mass
Bioerosion Weathering Erosion of
Movements
Waves
Factors that influence coastal erosion:
Climate:
Climate defines the weather conditions of
an area and affects physical phenomena of
coastal zones such as waves, underwater
currents, and storm surges. The stronger
the wind, the higher the wave height.
Higher waves bring more erosive actions.

Lithology of rocks:
The hardness of the rock susceptibility or
resistance to weathering and erosion.
A rock’s exposure to wave activities can
result in the removal of base materials
from the shores.
Factors that influence coastal erosion:
Global sea level rise:
Global warming affects the rise in sea
level and contributes to the thermal
expansion of ocean water, and ice
sheet melting in the Polar Regions.

Man-made interventions:
Coastal areas are a strategic location
for human activities. They can be
used for military bases, recreational
spaces, tourist destinations, and real
estate prime land. Another
noteworthy human activity is sand
extraction which is harmful to
coastal areas and its inhabitants.
ACTIVITY 3:

Thinking-out (2 recitation stamps)

Meteor showers are anticipated by

people because of the beautiful
display of lights in the night sky is not
an everyday occurrence. Are
meteors dangerous to human
beings and their settlements?
Lesson 4
Bolide Impact

Unit 6| Other Related Geological Hazards

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

27
What Is Bolide Impact?

Bolide is a generic term that

defines celestial bodies
entering the earth's surface,
creating a fireball.
Superbolide is the term used
to describe a relatively larger
bolide.
Superbolides can have
cratering formation impacts. In
natural history, superbolides
increased the incidence of
What Is Bolide Impact?

● Near-Earth Objects (NEOs)

define the rocky or metallic
asteroids and icy comets between
Jupiter and Mars. The area where
these fragments are located is
called the asteroid belt, and
these fragments are orbiting the
sun. Due to some disturbances,
these near-earth objects, also
called Mars-crossers, can move
directly to the inner solar system
and could hit or impact one of the
inner planets.
Hazards and Deflection Techniques

Hazards Deflection
● Increased incidence of climate Techniques
● Use a laser beam to move the
NEO.
change and sea level change.
● Use large lenses or mirrors to
● Intense tectonic activities,
refocus the sun’s energy on a
earthquakes, and increased
NEO.
volcanism.
● Use another object to collide
● Trigger global mass extinction
with a NEO to deflect or
and global environmental change its velocity.
dangers.