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Socialization (lect 5)

Socialization is the process through which individuals learn to adjust to society, acquire cultural norms, and develop their human potential. It includes various types such as primary, anticipatory, developmental, and re-socialization, each serving distinct functions in personality development and social order. Key agencies of socialization include family, peers, social institutions, mass media, and the community, all of which play a crucial role in shaping individuals' identities and behaviors.

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3 views

Socialization (lect 5)

Socialization is the process through which individuals learn to adjust to society, acquire cultural norms, and develop their human potential. It includes various types such as primary, anticipatory, developmental, and re-socialization, each serving distinct functions in personality development and social order. Key agencies of socialization include family, peers, social institutions, mass media, and the community, all of which play a crucial role in shaping individuals' identities and behaviors.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Socialization

• Young and Mack : The process of inducting the individual into the social
world is called socialization’ . In common-sense, socialization is a training for
the adjustment of one’ life in society.

• Peter Woesely: process of transmission of culture, the process whereby men


learn the rules and practices of social groups.

• John J. Maccionis: a lifelong social experience by which individuals develop


their human potential and learn culture.
• Inducting an individual into society is called socialization.

• As Man is to live in various social groups and different social situations.

• He has to learn techniques of life to adjust himself in new modes of life.

• This learning of techniques of social life is called socialization.

• Learning of different behaviors in different social situations is the process of socialization.

• Man learns various social norms and techniques of social life when interacts with others in
various social situations.

• It means he learns how to play his role in new situations. This learning of role playing is also
called socialization.

• Role playing requires learning of norms for those social situations. This learning of norms is
called socialization.
TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION

• There are four types of socialization which are given by Ian Robertson in his
book
1. Primary socialization: This is the most essential and fundamental type of
socialization. It takes place in the early years of newborn baby. At this
stage, concentration is given on language and cognitive skills, the
internalization of cultural norms and values, establishment of emotional
ties and appreciation of other roles and perspectives.
2. Anticipatory socialization: Individual not only learns the culture of his
groups rather he also learns the cultures of groups to which he does not
belong. Such a process whereby men socialize themselves into the culture of a
group to ease their entry into the group and help them interact appropriately
once they have been accepted ( R.K. Merton).
3. Developmental Socialization: This kind of learning is based on the
achievements of primary socialization. It builds on already acquired skills and
knowledge as the adult progress through new situations such as marriage or
new jobs. These require new expectations, obligations, and roles. This new
learning combines with old skills makes possible developmental socialization.
4. Re-Socialization: takes places mostly when a social role is radically changed.
It may also happens during social mobility process. When new social roles
emerged which are not compatible with the existing qualities and skills of
individual, re-socialization takes place. This phenomenon is generally found in
old age population who is striving hard for their survival in changing world.
FUNCTIONS OF SOCIALIZATION

1. Socialization converts humans from biological being to social being

2. It contributes in personality development.

3. It helps to become disciplined.

4. It helps to perform different roles.

5. It establishes knowledge and skills.

6. It contributes in the stability of social order.

7. It transmits culture from one generation to other.


Types of socialization
1. The First Stage - The Oral Stage By crying, the child establishes dependency
and over-hunger drive. It carves from birth to one year. In the womb, the
child enjoys a comfortable environment, as he comes out, he has to face first
crisis, i.e., must break, exert himself to feed, must be protected from physical
discomforts, the child learns to give signals for his needs. She child is involved
in himself and his mother. Internalization of two roles is difficult for the child.
It is the stage of “primary identification” as the child merges his identity with
that of the mother.
2. Second Stage - Anal Stage During the toddler period, the child exhibits the
anal stage. It varies based on society, social class and family. The child is
completely not dependent on their mother, he/she starts to take some
degree of care for himself/herself, like toilet training and wearing clothes
etc., and the child internalises two separate roles, i.e., himself/herself and
his/her mother. The child learns to receive love and care and return by
smiling. He is able to distinguish between right and wrong, the correct action
is rewarded and the incorrect action is punished.
3. Third Stage - Oedipal Stage It begins during pre-school period and extends up
to puberty. The child becomes a member of the family as a whole. The child
wants to identify himself on the basis of sex. The boy develops an “Oedipus
complex” - love towards his mother and jealousy towards his father. The girl
exhibits “Electra complex” - love for her father and jealousy towards her mother.
Sufficient social pressures are brought on the child to identify with the right sex.
Boys and girls should act according to their sexes, boys try to identify with their
fathers and girls with their mothers. The children establish or develop their own
groups.
4. Fourth Stage - Adolescence Stage A physiological and psychological change
takes place within the individual. The adolescents are free from parental control,
at the same time, they cannot completely decide on their own. In modern
society, parents give freedom to children by allowing them to perform their
activities independently. Adolescents have less social control and learn new social
roles and new behaviour patterns internalise with them. Parents advise them in
the field of education, occupation, and life-partners.
AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION
1. The Family During the socialization process, the family is considered the most
significant. There are some factors i.e., Broken home dissatisfaction of basic
needs and unbalanced affection of the parents due to which socialization
remains incomplete.

2. Peers ; means those groups made up of the contemporaries of the child, his
associates in school, in playground and in street. He learns from these children,
the culture that they have previously learnt at different times from their
parents. The members of peer groups have other sources of information about
the culture .
3. Social Institutions: The family, markets, mosque, madrasa of religious education, fairs,
games and plays, cinema, theatre and national celebrations are the institutions of
socialization. A school is one of the socializing institutions of education. The school, college
and university are the formal institutions of education. An individual learns his cultural
norms, the values, beliefs, sentiments, habits, customs, rituals and other ways of life
through these agencies of socialization. Education is itself a process of socialization.
Education teaches the techniques of life to enable an individual social institutions. Hence,
the whole society is itself a learning group to meet his needs of life. This is called
socialization. It means socialization is done through these social institutions.

4. Literature and Mass Media of Communication: Mass media, including television, films,
the internet, and social media platforms, are powerful agents of socialization. Media shape
individuals; perceptions of the world, societal norms, values, and behaviors. They influence
attitudes, opinions, and beliefs, particularly in contemporary societies where media
consumption is widespread.
5. The Community :This is the biggest agency of socialization. A large number of
socializing agencies are working for the people. A large number of agencies are available
in a community which educates its members informally. Man learns ways of life and
norms of society by participating in these agencies. He plays his roles in these agencies
and gets experiences, which add to his information. This is his socialization in community.
From the above whole discussion, we come to the conclusion that the following are the
major agencies of socialization for the individual family, school masjid, madrassa, bazars,
political parties, traveling agencies and recreational institutions etc.
Social agents
• Social agents are a combination of social groups and social institutions
that provide the first experiences of socialization.

• A social agent is basically anything or anyone that teaches us how to


be social humans. Like, how to behave, what’s "normal", what’s right
or wrong in a society. They help shape our personality, identity,
beliefs, etc.
Functions
1. Socialization: Teaching individuals the norms, values, and expectations of
society.
2. Social Control: Enforcing rules and behaviors to maintain order.
3. Cultural Transmission: Passing down beliefs, knowledge, and practices
across generations.
4. Development: Facilitating personal and social growth throughout the
lifespan
5. Shape identity – they help us figure out “who am I?”
6. Control behavior – through rewards/punishments, rules, social pressure
7. Teach us values – like respect, honesty, kindness, etc.

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