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Unit-1 Lecture 2

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Puja Sasirekha
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8 views10 pages

Unit-1 Lecture 2

Uploaded by

Puja Sasirekha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Syllabus

Unit Topics
I Unit-1: Research: The search for knowledge
2 Acquiring knowledge on Research, Qualities of a Research
3 Hypothesis, induction and deduction in
research,
4 Scientific Methods, Research Methodology and Research Methods,
5 Research Process, Academic Research
6 Philosophy of Research: Philosophy and Science, Epistemology, Empiricism
7 Rationalism Experimental Research: Cause-Effect Relationships
8 Hypothesis in Experiments,
9 Validation of Experiments, Experimental Design.
Induction and deduction in
research
Inductive research approach
When there is little to no existing literature on a topic, it is
common to perform inductive research, because there is no
theory to test.
The inductive approach consists of three stages:
• Observation
• Elephants depend on water to exist
• Seeking patterns
• All observed animals depend on water to exist
• Developing a theory or general (preliminary) conclusion
• All biological life depends on water to exist
Characteristics
• Bottom-up approach
• Moves from specific to general
• Often used in qualitative research
• Helps generate theories or hypotheses
• The conclusion is probable, not certain
Use in Research:
• Used when you gather data (e.g., through experiments,
interviews, surveys) and then form general principles or
patterns.
• Common in exploratory research and theory-building.
Deductive research approach
• When conducting deductive research, you always start with a theory.
• This is usually the result of inductive research.
• Reasoning deductively means testing these theories.
• Remember that if there is no theory yet, you cannot conduct
deductive research.
• The deductive research approach consists of four stages
1. Start with an existing theory and create a problem statement
• All biological life depends on water to exist
2. Formulate a falsifiable hypothesis, based on existing theory
• All land mammals depend on water to exist
3. Collect data to test the hypothesis
• Study all land mammal species to see if they depend on
water
4. Analyze and test the data
• All land mammal species depend on water
5. Decide whether you can reject the null hypothesis
• All land mammal species depend on water support
hypothesis
Characteristics
• Top-down approach
• Moves from general to specific
• Often used in quantitative research
• Tests existing hypotheses or theories
• The conclusion is certain if premises are true
Use in Research:
• Start with a hypothesis based on existing theory.
• Design experiments or data collection to test the hypothesis.
• Used in confirmatory studies.
Combining inductive and deductive research
• Many scientists conducting a larger research project
begin with an inductive study.
• This helps them develop a relevant research
topic and construct a strong working theory.
• The inductive study is followed up with deductive
research to confirm the conclusion.
Feature Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning
Direction Specific → General General → Specific
Basis Observations, Patterns Theories, Laws,
Hypotheses
Goal To develop theories To test or apply theories
Research Type Exploratory, Qualitative Explanatory, Quantitative
Certain (if premises are
Certainty of Conclusion Probable, Suggestive valid)

Example Use Case Grounded theory, Hypothesis testing,


Ethnographic studies Experimental design

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