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Chapter 11 - Lesson 1

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4 views

Chapter 11 - Lesson 1

Uploaded by

yahyasidq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fertilisation Process

Fertilisation is the process where a sperm


cell from the father unites with an egg cell
from the mother to create a new life. This
process is also called conception.

The fusion of the sperm and egg nuclei


forms a single zygote, which begins to
divide and develop into an embryo.
Comparison of Sperm and Egg Cells

Feature Sperm Cell Egg Cell


Size Tiny (0.05 mm) Large (0.1 mm)
Shape Streamlined with a tail Round
Movement Swims using its tail Does not move
Number
Produced Millions daily (from puberty) One per month (from puberty to menopause)
Lifespan 1-2 days inside the female body 24 hours after ovulation
Function Fertilises the egg Provides food for the embryo
Special Tail for swimming; enzymes to Protective jelly layer; stores nutrients for early
Adaptation penetrate egg development
1.Egg Release (Ovulation)
 A female is born with all her eggs stored in her
ovaries.
 Each month, one mature egg is released from
an ovary in a process called ovulation.
 The released egg moves into the oviduct
(fallopian tube), where it may meet sperm.
 Tiny hair-like structures called cilia in the
oviduct help push the egg towards the uterus.
 The egg only survives for 24 hours; if not
fertilised, it disintegrates.
2.Sperm Entry and Journey
 During sexual intercourse, sperm cells are
released into the woman’s vagina through
semen.

 A single ejaculation contains around 500


million sperm, but only a few hundred reach the
egg.

 Sperm swim through the cervix, into the


uterus, and then into the oviducts.

 The journey takes a few minutes to several


hours.

 Sperm can survive for up to 2 days in the


female reproductive system, waiting for an egg.
3.Fertilisation
 The fastest sperm reaches the egg and releases enzymes to break through the egg’s protective jelly layer.

 Once a sperm successfully enters, the egg membrane seals to prevent other sperm from entering.

 The sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus, forming a zygote (fertilised egg).

 This marks the beginning of a new life.


4.Embryo Formation and Implantation
 The zygote begins to divide rapidly into multiple cells through a process called mitosis.
 It travels down the oviduct toward the uterus over 3-4 days.
 By the time it reaches the uterus, it has become a blastocyst (hollow ball of cells).
 The blastocyst implants into the uterus lining, where it receives nutrients.
 The developing embryo continues to grow, forming essential organs and systems.
 After 9 months, the baby is born throughuterine contractions.
Pathway of Fertilisation in Humans

1. Sperm Production → Testes → Sperm Ducts → Penis → Vagina

2. Egg Release (Ovulation) → Ovary → Oviduct → Uterus

3. Sperm Travels → Vagina → Cervix → Uterus → Oviduct

4. Fertilisation → Egg and sperm fuse in the oviduct

5. Zygote Formation → Begins dividing (mitosis) to form an embryo

6. Blastocyst Formation → Implantation into the uterus wall

7. Embryo Development → Grows into a fetus over 9 months

8. Birth → Muscle contractions push baby out of the uterus through the vagina

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