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Chapter Ten Architeture

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16 views14 pages

Chapter Ten Architeture

Uploaded by

akliluandargie51
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter Ten

Multiprocessors

prepared By: gizachew kassa


10.1 multiprocessor and its characteristics

• What is a Multiprocessor?
• a multiprocessor is a computer system with two or more central
processing units (CPUs) that share the same physical memory and are
interconnected to execute tasks concurrently.
• An interconnection of two or more CPUs with memory and input-output
(I/O) equipment.
• Processor Terminology:
• o Can refer to a Central Processing Unit (CPU).
• o Can refer to an Input-Output Processor (IOP).
• o A system with one CPU and one or more IOPs is usually not considered a
• multiprocessor (unless IOP has computational facilities comparable to a
CPU).
• Systems with multiple CPUs (often includes IOPs as well).
• Typically MIMD (Multiple Instruction stream, Multiple Data stream)
Cont……..
# Characteristics of Multiprocessors
• Emergence of microprocessor and VLSI technology made multiprocessors
cost-effective.
• Improve performance and reliability.
• Run multiple independent jobs in parallel.
• Partition a single job into multiple parallel tasks (parallel processing).
• Failure of one processor has limited impact.
• Tasks can potentially be reassigned to other processors.
• System may continue functioning with reduced performance (graceful
degradation).
Conti…….
# Advantages of Multiprocessors:
1.Increased Performance:
• By executing tasks concurrently, multiprocessors can handle more work in
less time, improving overall system performance.
2.Scalability:
• Additional processors can be added to the system to scale up
processing power and handle more complex tasks.
3.Fault Tolerance:
• If one processor fails, others can continue to work, ensuring the
system remains functional.
4.Efficient Resource Sharing:
• Processors share common memory, which allows for easier
communication and data access between them.
5.Cost-Effectiveness:
Conti…….
#Disadvantages of Multiprocessors:
1.Complexity in Design:
• Designing and managing a multiprocessor system is more complex,
requiring sophisticated algorithms and hardware.
2.Interprocessor Communication Overhead:
• The need for processors to communicate with each other can lead to
delays, especially when using shared memory.
3.Programming Challenges:
• Developing software that efficiently utilizes multiple processors can
be difficult, especially with tasks that aren't easily parallelizable.
4.Increased Power Consumption:
• With multiple processors running simultaneously, power
consumption tends to be higher compared to single processor
systems.
5.Cost of Implementation:
10.2 Interconnection Structures for
multiprocessor
# Definition:
• Interconnection structures refer to the physical and logical design
that enables communication among processors and memory
modules in a multiprocessor system.
• Determines communication bandwidth, bottlenecks, and system
scalability.
# Physical Forms Discussed:
• 1. Time-Shared Common Bus
• 2. Multiport Memory
• 3. Crossbar Switch
• 4. Multistage Switching Network
• 5. Hypercube System
Cont…
1 Time-Shared Common Bus
• A single bus connects all processors and memory units.
• show CPUs, IOPs, Memory connected to one bus)

Figure 10.1 Time shared common bus organization


• Only one processor can use the bus at any given time.
• Requires bus arbitration logic to handle contention.
• Simplicity, low cost.
• Major bottleneck, bandwidth limited by bus speed, single point of failure
Cont…
2 Multiport Memory
• Memory modules have multiple connection ports, each linked to a separate CPU
or bus.
• show 4 CPUs connected to 4 Memory Modules via dedicated ports)

Figure 10.2 Multiport memory organization


• multiple simultaneous accesses possible to different memory modules.
• Memory controller within each module arbitrates access if multiple CPUs request
• the same module (e.g., using fixed priority).
• High aggregate transfer rate.
• Requires complex/expensive memory modules and extensive cabling.
Cont….
3 Crossbar Switch
• A crossbar switch is a network structure that allows direct communication
between any pair of processors and memory modules using a grid of
switches.

Figure 10.3 crossbar switch


• switch connects a processor to a requested memory module.
• Supports simultaneous transfers to different modules without contention.
• Arbitration logic needed at each cross point for conflicts to the same
module.
Cont...
4 Multistage Switching Network
• Intermediate approach between single bus and crossbar. Uses smaller
switching elements.
• 2x2 Interchange Switch (can connect input A/B to output 0/1).

Figure 10.4 Operation of a 2x2 interchange switch


• Switches connected in stages to form paths.
• Example: Omega Network
Cont….
5 Hypercube
• Loosely coupled system with N=2^n processors (nodes).
• Each processor connects to 'n' neighbours whose binary addresses differ by
exactly one bit.
• Show figure below n=1, 2, 3 cubes

Figure10.6 hypercube structure for n=1,2,3.


• Typically uses message passing for communication.
• Routing involves traversing dimensions based on address differences.
10.3Interprocessor Communication and
synchronization
10.3.1 Interprocessors communication: is the process by which
processors exchange data or coordinate tasks with each other during
execution in a multiprocessor system.
# Mechanisms in Shared Memory Systems:
• A portion of memory is accessible to all processors. Used for passing data,
• status, and control information
• Hardware signals sent from one processor to another to trigger attention.
# Communication via Shared Memory
• Processors use common memory locations.
• Sending processor writes data/message to a designated shared location
(mailbox).
• Receiving processor periodically checks the mailbox.
• Status bits often used to indicate if mailbox has valid data.
Cont….
10.3.2 Interprocessor Synchronization
• Interprocessor synchronization ensures that multiple processors execute
instructions in a coordinated manner, often using mechanisms like semaphores or
locks
• Managing the sequence of processes and ensuring mutually exclusive access to shared
resources.
• To ensure correct execution order when processes depend on each other.
• To prevent multiple processors from modifying the same shared data simultaneously,
leading to corruption.
• Ensuring Mutual Exclusion for Critical
# Communication & Synchronization Methods
1 Message Passing
2 Shared Memory
3 Locks
4 Semaphores
5 Barriers
Cont……
conclussion
• Multiprocessors offer increased performance and reliability using multiple
CPUs.
• Interconnection structures (Bus, Multiport, Crossbar, Multistage, Hypercube)
dictate communication capabilities and cost.
• Shared memory systems require mechanisms for Interprocessor
Communication (shared variables, mailboxes, interrupts).
• Synchronization is crucial, especially for Mutual Exclusion in critical sections,
often implemented using hardware primitives like Semaphores with atomic
Test-and-Set operations.
- Cache coherence is a major challenge in shared-memory multiprocessors,
with solutions like snoopy protocols.
•The design of multiprocessor systems involves complex trade-offs.

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