Education and

Human Capital
Presented by: Mayaki & Sarifa
 What is Human
Capital?
Human capital a Productive investments embodied in human persons, including
skills, abilities, ideals, health, and locations, often resulting from expenditures on
education, on-the-job training programmes, and medical care.

Human capital refers to the value human beings contribute towards achieving the
set goals of a given organization.

”Human capital focuses on the economic behavior of individuals, especially on the

way their accumulation of knowledge and skills enables them to increase their
productivity and their earnings and in so doing, to increase the productivity and
wealth of the societies they live in.” (Schuller, 2001)
 What is
Education?
Education is a basic objective of development,
plays a key role in the ability of a developing
country to absorb modern technology and to
develop capacity for self-sustaining growth and
development. Education is essential for a
satisfying and rewarding life.
Why must we obtain proper education? So that
 Education in
Developing
EducationCountries
in developing countries stands at a pivotal
crossroads, with immense challenges and equally
significant opportunities. The disparities in access, quality,
and outcomes of education compared to developed
nations underscore the need for focused and sustained
efforts in these regions. While infrastructure deficits, lack
of qualified teachers, and socio- economic barriers
continue to impede progress, innovative solutions and
international support offer pathways to transformative
 Education in
Developing
Countries
Education is universally recognized as a
fundamental human right and a
cornerstone of sustainable development.
However, educational systems in
developing countries face numerous
challenges that impede progress and limit
"Challenges face
by Developing
Countries"
 "Challenges face by Developing
Countries"
1. Access to Education One of the most
significant issues in developing countries is
access to education. While primary education
enrollment rates have improved over the years,
secondary and tertiary education levels remain
alarmingly low. Various factors contribute to this
discrepancy, including socioeconomic barriers,
geographical constraints, and cultural attitudes
towards education, particularly for girls and
 "Challenges face by Developing
Countries"
2. Quality of Education Even when children
attend school, the quality of education they
receive can be subpar. Many developing
countries struggle with inadequate
infrastructure, insufficient teaching materials,
and poorly trained educators. These issues
lead to low literacy rates and poor
educational outcomes, perpetuating the cycle
 "Challenges face by Developing
Countries"
3. Gender Disparities Gender disparities
in education remain a significant
challenge in many developing countries.
Cultural norms and economic factors
often prioritize boys' education over
girls', leading to higher dropout rates for
girls, especially at the secondary level.
"Barriers to
Education in
Developing
Countries"
"Barriers to Education in Developing
Countries"
1. Socioeconomic Barriers Poverty is a
fundamental barrier to education. Families
in developing countries often rely on their
children for labor, whether in the household
or through paid work, which prevents them
from attending school. Additionally, the cost
of schooling, including uniforms, books, and
transportation, can be prohibitive for low-
income families.
"Barriers to Education in Developing
Countries"
2. Geographical Barriers In many
developing countries, schools are often
located far from students' homes,
especially in rural and remote areas.
The lack of transportation
infrastructure makes it difficult for
children to attend school regularly, if at
"Barriers to Education in Developing
Countries"
3. Cultural Barriers Cultural attitudes
and practices can significantly influence
education, particularly for girls. Early
marriage, gender discrimination, and
traditional beliefs can limit educational
opportunities and reinforce gender
disparities.
"Innovations and
Solutions in
Education"
 "Innovations and Solutions
in Education"
1. Community-Based Programs Education
Community-based education programs are
designed to bring education closer to
children in remote and underserved areas.
These programs often involve flexible
schedules, local languages, and culturally
relevant curricula to meet the unique
needs of the community.
 "Innovations and Solutions
in Education"
2. Technology in Education Technology has
the potential to revolutionize education in
developing countries by providing access to
quality learning resources and facilitating
teacher training. E- learning platforms,
mobile applications, and radio education
programs are some of the innovative
solutions being implemented.
 "Innovations and Solutions
in Education"
3. Teacher Training and Professional
Development Improving the quality of
education requires well-trained and
motivated teachers. Many developing
countries are investing in teacher training
programs to enhance teaching skills and
methodologies, as well as to provide
ongoing professional development
 "Innovations and Solutions
in Education"
4. Public-Private Partnerships Public-
private partnerships can play a crucial
role in enhancing educational
infrastructure and resources. By
leveraging the strengths of both
sectors, these partnerships can
address gaps in funding, technology,
"Policy Options"
 "Policy
Options"
1. The Role of International Aid and
Organizations International Aid
International aid is vital for supporting
education in developing countries. Various
international organizations and donor
countries provide financial assistance,
technical expertise, and policy support to
help these countries improve their
 "Policy
Options"
2. Non-Governmental (NGOs)
Organizations NGOs play a critical role
in delivering education services,
particularly in conflict-affected and
remote areas. They often implement
innovative programs and advocate for
policies that promote educational
 "Policy
Options"
3. The Impact of Global Policies Global
policies and frameworks, such as the
United Nations Sustainable Development
emphasize education Goals (SDGs), the
importance for of sustainable
development. Goal 4 specifically aims to
"ensure inclusive and equitable quality
education and promote lifelong learning
"Pathways to
Progress"
 "Policy
Options"
1.Investing in Early Education Childhood
Investing in early childhood education is
crucial for laying the foundation for
lifelong learning and development. Early
childhood programs can significantly
improve cognitive and social development,
preparing children for success in primary
 "Policy
Options"
2. Strengthening Education Systems
Building robust education systems
requires comprehensive reforms that
address various aspects, including
governance, financing, and curriculum
development. Strengthening education
systems can ensure sustainability and
 "Policy
Options"
3. Enhancing Data Collection and Research
Accurate data and research are essential
for informed decision- making and policy
formulation. Enhancing data collection
systems and investing in educational
research can help identify gaps, monitor
progress, and develop effective
 "Policy
Options"
4.Promoting Inclusive Education Inclusive
education ensures that all children,
regardless of their abilities, backgrounds,
or circumstances, have access to quality
education. Promoting inclusive education
involves addressing barriers to learning
and creating supportive environments for
all students.
 "Policy
Options"
5. Fostering Global Collaboration Global
collaboration is essential for sharing best
practices, mobilizing resources, and
addressing common challenges in
education. International partnerships can
facilitate knowledge exchange and drive
collective action towards achieving
 Economic Analysis
and Issues
”Challenges face
by Developing
“Barriers to
Education in
”Innovations and
Solutions in
Countries” Developing Education”
1.Community-Based
1.Access to Education
Countries”
1. Socioeconomic Programs Education
2.Quality of Education
Barriers 2.Technology in
3.Gender Disparities
2. Geographical Education

Barriers 3.Teacher Training and

Professional
3. Cultural Barriers
“Policy Options” ”Pathways to Development
1.The Role of International Progress”
1.Investing in Early Education 4.Public-Private
Aid and Organizations Partnerships
Childhood
International Aid
2.Strengthening Education
2.Non-Governmental
Systems
(NGOs)
3.Enhancing Data Collection and
3.The Impact of Global
Research
Policies
4.Promoting Inclusive Education
5.Fostering Global Collaboration
 Case Study: K to 12:
Free Tertiary Education
K to 12 Program
Purpose:
Purpose:
The K to 12 program in the Philippines, launched in 2012, aims to
reform basic education by adding two years of senior high school
to the existing 10-year system, bringing it to a global standard of
12 years.

Goals:
The program aims to prepare students for higher education,
employment, and lifelong learning, focusing on developing skills
Implementation:
The program mandates a 4-year junior high school and a 2-year
senior high school, with kindergarten (K) also integrated into the
basic education system.

Challenges:
Some challenges include the financial burden on families to
support students through the additional years of schooling, and
the pressure on educators and schools to implement the new
curriculum.

Positive Outcomes:
The K to 12 program aims to create a more skilled and employable
 Free Tertiary
Education:
Purpose:
The Philippine government implemented a free tertiary education grant in 2013,
known as the Expanded Students’ Grant-in-Aid Program for Poverty Alleviation
(ESGP-PA), to provide impoverished yet academically inclined students with the
opportunity to pursue and complete college.
Impact:
This program has been shown to have a transformative impact on the lives of
students and their families, leading to improved socioeconomic conditions and
emancipation from poverty.
Challenges:
Ensuring the program’s sustainability and accessibility for all eligible students
remains a challenge.
Positive Outcomes:
The program allows students to pursue higher education without the financial burden
of tuition and fees, leading to increased access to quality education and improved
 “TO REMEMBER”
Education is not just a fundamental
human right; it is the cornerstone of
sustainable development and the key to
unlocking a brighter future for all.
Thank
You