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Concept+2+Notes+ +Complex+Inheritance+Patterns

The document reviews Mendel's Laws of inheritance, including the Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, and Law of Independent Assortment, while also discussing exceptions such as incomplete dominance and codominance. It explains concepts like multiple alleles and polygenic inheritance, as well as linked genes and sex-linked traits, particularly focusing on X-linked genes. Examples illustrate these concepts, including blood types and traits in animals.

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victoria.berry
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10 views

Concept+2+Notes+ +Complex+Inheritance+Patterns

The document reviews Mendel's Laws of inheritance, including the Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, and Law of Independent Assortment, while also discussing exceptions such as incomplete dominance and codominance. It explains concepts like multiple alleles and polygenic inheritance, as well as linked genes and sex-linked traits, particularly focusing on X-linked genes. Examples illustrate these concepts, including blood types and traits in animals.

Uploaded by

victoria.berry
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Review of Mendel’s Laws

Law of Dominance - some alleles are


dominant others are recessive.

Law of Segregation - Organisms


inherit 2 copies of each gene, 1
from each parent. Organisms
donate only 1 copy of each gene
in their gametes (egg or sperm).

Law of Independent Assortment –


genes for different traits can
segregate independently during
the formation of gametes (egg
and sperm).
Chromosome Theory of
Inheritance
Genes are located on chromosomes and the
behavior of chromosomes during meiosis
accounts for inheritance patterns.
Exceptions to Mendel’s Laws
• Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive,
and many traits are controlled by multiple alleles
or multiple genes.
• Exceptions to Mendel’s Laws include:
– Incomplete dominance - Codominance
– Multiple Alleles - Polygenic traits
Incomplete Dominance
• The heterozygous
phenotype is
somewhere between
the two homozygous
phenotypes.

• Neither allele is
completely dominant Ex. Red and
or recessive. white flowers
make pink
flowers
Incomplete Dominance Example #1
In humans, curly hair (HH) is incompletely dominant to
straight hair (H’H’). The heterozygous individual has wavy
hair (HH’). Cross two people with wavy hair.

Genotype Ratio: Phenotype Ratio:


Incomplete Dominance Example #2
Fitz loves growing flowers for his friend Olivia. Her favorite
flowers, roses, are found in red (RR), blue (R’R’), and purple
(RR’). What would happen if Fitz crossed a blue rose with a
purple rose?

Genotype Ratio: Phenotype Ratio:


Codominance
• Both traits are fully
and separately
expressed.
– Ex. Red and white
flowers make red and
white speckled flowers.
– Ex. Blood Type (AB
blood type is fully A and
fully B)
– Blood type is also an
example of multiple
alleles
Codominance Example #1
In horses, gray horses (GG) are codominant to white horses (WW). The
heterozygous horses(GW) is an appaloosa horse (a white horse with gray
spots on the rump and loins). Cross a white horse with an appaloosa
horse.

________ X ________

Genotypic Ratios:

Phenotypic Ratios:
Blood Type
An example of Codominance AND Multiple Alleles

• Codominance
– Blood Type AB is
fully A and fully B

• Multiple Alleles
– Alleles = A, B, and
i
Blood Type
An example of Codominance AND Multiple Alleles

Ex. If a mother has Type AB blood and a father has Type B


blood, what are the possible blood types of their children?
Blood Type
Who’s Your Daddy? Genetics
Oh no! The hospital has made a big mistake and lost track of which baby
belongs to each parents. Can you help them fix this before they get sued?

Babies:
Baby 1: O
Baby 2: AB
Baby 3: A

Parents:
Mr. and Mrs. Allele: AB and AB
Mr. and Mrs. DNA: O and AB
Mr. And Mrs. Gene: B and O
Multiple Alleles
• Having more than two alleles for one gene
– Ex. Alleles for blood type = A, B, i
– Ex. Fur color in rabbits
Multiple Alleles Example
Example: What are the possible fur colors of the offspring if
you cross a dark grey rabbit (Ccch) and a Himalayan rabbit
(chc)?

Phenotype Key:
Full color = CC, Ccch,
Cch, Cc
Chinchilla = cchch,
cchcch, cchc
Himalayan = chc, chch
Albino = cc
Polygenic Inheritance
• A trait produced by two or more genes
– Usually shows a RANGE in phenotype
– Ex. skin color, eye color, height, personality

– Occasionally, epistasis can occur


• When one gene overshadows all of the others
• Ex. Labrador retriever fur colors, eye color, Albinism
Linked Genes
• Linked genes: genes that are
physically located on the
same chromosome will be
inherited together.
– Ex. Blonde hair and blue eyes,
red hair and freckles, large ears
and broad nose
– Linked genes can only be
separated or broken apart
during Crossing Over
Sex-Linked Traits
• Males and females have
exactly the same
chromosomes for pairs
1-22. These are
autosomes.
• The last pair of
chromosomes, called
sex chromosomes,
determine the gender of
the individual.
– Females have XX
– Males have XY
X vs. Y Chromosome
• Y chromosome carries
FEW genes.

• X chromosome
contains MANY genes
that affect MANY traits.

– Sex-Linked Genes =
genes on sex
chromosomes (X or
Y)
X-Linked Genes
Genes on the X chromosome are X-Linked.
• Females inherit gene
as normal & principle
of dominance applies.
• Males inherit the gene
on the X, but not the
Y. Normal Affected Normal Carrier
Son Son Daughter Daughter
Because males have only
one X, they express that trait
whether it is dominant or
recessive!
Sex-Linked Example
• Colorblindness - located on X chromosome
– Normal vision = XB
– Colorblindness = Xb
– Y chromosome does NOT have the gene
• Ex. Cross a woman who is a carrier for color blindness with
a man who is normal.

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