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Water Technology Modified

The document discusses various impurities in water, including chemical, physical, and biological types, and explains the concepts of temporary and permanent hardness. It outlines specifications for potable water and methods for desalination, particularly reverse osmosis. Additionally, it addresses boiler feed water quality and common boiler troubles such as scale formation, priming, and foaming, along with their prevention and removal methods.

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2 views

Water Technology Modified

The document discusses various impurities in water, including chemical, physical, and biological types, and explains the concepts of temporary and permanent hardness. It outlines specifications for potable water and methods for desalination, particularly reverse osmosis. Additionally, it addresses boiler feed water quality and common boiler troubles such as scale formation, priming, and foaming, along with their prevention and removal methods.

Uploaded by

susheelreddy8142
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Water Technology

Impurities of Water
Impuriti
es in
water
Chemica
Physical
l
impuriti
impuriti
es
es
Organic
Colour Turbidity and Acidity
inorganic

Taste Odour Gases Minerals

Biologic
al
impuriti
es
Micro
Water
organism
bodies
s
Hardness of Water

It is that characteristic that prevents


lathering of soap.

This is due to the presence of certain salts


of Ca, Mg and other heavy metals.
Types of Hardness
 Temporary hardness (carbonate
hardness)

Caused by dissolved bicarbonates of Ca,


Mg, heavy metals and carbonate of iron.
Can be removed by boiling.

 Permanent hardness (non-carbonate


hardness)

Caused by chlorides and sulphates of Ca,


Distinguish between Temporary and Permanent hardness
Degree of Hardness
The concentration of hardness is always
expressed in terms of Equivalents of
CaCO3.

This permits an easy mathematical


calculations as the molecular weight of
CaCO3 is 100

Mass of Hardness
Moreover CaCO 3 is S
Producing the most insoluble salt
ubatance
Degree of Hardness = X Molecular weight of CaCO3
that can beMolecular precipitated
weight in water
treatment.
TOTAL HARDNESS = TEMPORATY HARDNESS + PERMANENT HARDNE
Units of Hardness
 ppm (parts per million)
 Degree Clarke (°Cl): It is the number
of equivalent parts of CaCO3 present
per 70,000 parts of water or 1 gallon of
water.

 Degree French (°Fr): It is the number


of equivalent parts of CaCO3 present
per 105 parts of water.
These
1 ppmvarious units
= 1 mg/L ofo Fr
= 0.1 hardness are
= 0.07o Cl
related as:
Potable water (Drinking
Specifications for Drinking Water
water)
 Should be clear and colourless
 Should be pleasant in taste
 Should be perfectly cool
 Turbidity should not exceed 10 ppm
 Should be free from objectionable
dissolved gases like H2S
 Should be free from objectionable
minerals like As, Pb, Mn, Cr etc.
 pH should be between 6.5 and 8.0
 Should be reasonably soft
 Should be free from micro organisms
Desalination of brackish
water
Water containing dissolved salts is
called Brackish water. This water is
totally unfit for drinking purpose.

Removal of salts from water is called


Desalination
Desalination of brackish
water
Commonly used techniques for
desalination are

Electrodialysis (self study)

Reverse Osmosis
Reverse Osmosis
When two solutions of unequal
concentrations are separated by a
semi-permeable membrane, the flow
of the solvent takes place from dilute
to concentrated side. This is called
OSMOSIS.
Reverse Osmosis

If a hydrostatic pressure is applied on


the concentrated side then the flow is
reversed. This is called REVERSE
OSMOSIS.

This is sometimes called as Super-


Filtration or Hyper-Filtration.
Reverse Osmosis
Boiler Feed Water
Boiler Feed Water

Should be such that the impurities can be


concentrated a reasonable number of times
without exceeding the tolerance limits

Boiler Troubles
There are three types of boiler troubles
1. Scale and Sludge formation
2. Priming and foaming
3. Boiler corrosion (Self Study)
Boiler Troubles
 Scale and sludge formation

These precipitates in the form of loose and


slimy material, are called as SLUDGE

Precipitated matter forms a hard, adhering


coating on the inner walls of the boiler,
called SCALES
 Removal of sludges

Sludges can be removed by filtration, hand


picking etc.

 Removal of scales

 Scraping
 Thermal shocks
 Dissolving them using chemicals like
HCl, EDTA etc
 Frequent blow-down operation
Boiler Troubles
 Priming
The passage of water particles mixed with steam
from the boiler is called PRIMING.
Causes:
• Presence of large amounts of dissolved solids
• High stem velocities
• Sudden boiling
• Improper boiler design
• Sudden increase in steam production rate

Can be avoided by
• Fitting mechanical steam
purifiers
• Avoided rapid change in steaming
rate
• Maintaining low water levels in
Boiler Troubles
 Foaming

Production of persistent foam or bubbles in


boiler, which do not break easily.

Foaming is due to the presence of


substances like oil.

Can be avoided by

• adding antifoaming agents


• removing oil from the boiler water by
adding little NaAlO2

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