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Unit IX - data analysis & Interpretation

The document discusses data analysis and interpretation, outlining the processes of organizing, synthesizing, and presenting data to answer research questions. It details various types of data, steps in quantitative data analysis, and methods for organizing and presenting data, including tables and graphs. Additionally, it highlights the advantages and limitations of graphical representations of data.

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Sharmila Dake
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3 views

Unit IX - data analysis & Interpretation

The document discusses data analysis and interpretation, outlining the processes of organizing, synthesizing, and presenting data to answer research questions. It details various types of data, steps in quantitative data analysis, and methods for organizing and presenting data, including tables and graphs. Additionally, it highlights the advantages and limitations of graphical representations of data.

Uploaded by

Sharmila Dake
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT IX

DATA ANALYSIS &


INTERPRETATION
By
Dr. Sharmila Ghodke
INTRODUCTION

• The purpose of analyzing data is to describe data in


meaningful terms. Analysis and interpretation of data
includes compilation, editing, coding, classification,
tabulation & and presentation of data.
ANALYSIS

• Analysis is the process of organizing & synthesizing the data


so as to answer research questions and test hypothesis.

• Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic into


smaller parts to gain better understanding of it.
Classification of data
• Chronological data: Chronological data are grouped according
to the time such as days, weeks, months and years. For example
the growth of population with time in years.
• Spatial data: Spatial data are classified based on geographical
location or areas such as cities, states, countries, etc.
• Qualitative data: Qualitative data are categorised under different
attributes like nationality, gender, religion, marital status, etc.
• Quantitative Data: When the above attributes are further
categorised into number based data such as height, age, marks of
students, etc.
TYPES OF DATA
Steps of quantitative data analysis

1. Data preparation (Cleaning and organising data for


analysis): Data preparation involves checking the data for
accuracy, entering the data into computer, transforming the
data and developing and documenting a database structure.
Data preparation involves- Compilation, Editing, Coding,
Classification and tabulation.
• Compilation: Compilation process involves gathering together
all the collected data.
• Editing: Editing contain checking of gather data for accuracy,
utility and completeness.
• Coding: Code is abbreviation, symbol, number which is
assigned by the researcher to every schedule item & response
category.
• Classification: Data is divided and arranged into different
categories, groups or classes on the basis of common
characteristics.
• Tabulation: Tabulation is the recording of classified data in
accurate mathematical terms.
Steps of quantitative data analysis cont…

2. Describing the data (Descriptive statistics): Descriptive


statistics are use to describe the basic feature of data.
Frequency, Percentage, Means central tendency (Mean, mode,
median) and means of dispersion (Standard deviation, range
and Mean deviation) are the examples of descriptive statistics.
Steps of quantitative data analysis cont…

3. Drawing the inferences of data (Inferential statistics):


Inferential statistics helps in drawing inferences from the data
e. g. finding the differences, relationship and association
between two or more variables with the help of parametric and
non parametric statistical test. Commonly used tests are Z-test
t- test, ANOVA, Chi Square test etc.
Steps of quantitative data analysis cont…

4. Interpretation of the data: Interpretation of data refers to


critical examination of the analysed study results to draw
inferences and conclusion. Interpretation of research findings
involves a search for their meaning in relation to the research
problem, objectives and hypothesis.
DATA ORGANIZATION
Data organization

• Data organization is a process of organising raw data by


classifying them into different categories. Data organization
is the way to arrange the raw data in an understandable order.

• Organising data include classification, frequency distribution


table, picture representation, graphical representation, etc.
Need of organising data

• It saves a lot of time

• Removes any possible errors

• Easy to understand and memorise


Methods of organizing & presenting data

• Table: A table is tabular representation of statistical data.


Tabulation means systematic presentation of the information
in rows and columns in accordance with some common
features and characteristics.
General principles of tabulation
• The table should be precise, understandable & self
explanatory.
• Table should have title at the top of the table. The title must
describe the content clearly and precisely.
• Items should be arranged alphabetically or according to size,
importance and causal relationship to facilitate comparison.
• Rows and columns should have similar arrangements so as to
compare with one another.
• The unit of measurement must be clearly stated.
• Totals can be placed at the bottom of the columns.
Types of tables

• Frequency distribution tables

• Contingency tables
Types of tables

• Multiple response tables

• Miscellaneous tables
Graphs and Diagrams
Things to keep in mind while preparing graph
• They must have title and an index
• The proportion between width and height should be balanced
• The selection of scale must be appropriate
• Footnotes may be included wherever they are needed
• Principle of simplicity must be kept in mind
• Neatness and cleanliness in construction of graph must be
ensured
• Tally marks
• Pictograph
• Bar graph
Sports Number
of people
Cricket 5
Volly ball 3
Tennis 4
Badminton 3
• Double bar graph/ Multiple bar graph
• Pie chart
• Frequency polygon
• Line graph
• Cumulative
frequency curve
(Ogive)
• Map diagram or
spot map
Advantages of graph
• Systematic and concise way in which statistical results may
be presented
• Gives overall view of entire data
• It appears easy to assimilate than same data presented in text
• Data becomes much more easy to understand and memorise
• Facilitates comparison of data represented in different
columns and rows
Limitations of graph

• Confusing (may be falls or true)

• Present only quantitative aspects

• Getting limited information on only one or two aspects


or characteristics under study
THANK YOU

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