Quantitative

Reasoning part-1
The number system

 All of us are surrounded by numbers in our everyday life. For

example, every10 years, the Pakistan government takes a census.
The population of Pakistan is 17,000,000 in 2009. Almost 32% are
under 20 years of age, and 15% are over 65. Mathematics is the
study of numbers, shape, arrangements, relationship and reasoning.
In our lives, to solve problems and to create new ideas, mathematics
helps us both as a science and an art, Numbers are a small part of
mathematics, numbers assists us to understand algebra, to measure
geometric objects, and to make predications using probability and
statistics. The numbers are represented by using the symbols 1,2,3,4
and so on. These symbols are not numbers to represents numbers.
These symbols are also called numerals or numerical expressions.
The rational numbers

 The numbers that can be expressed in the form of a divide b are

called rational numbers. Where, ‘a’ and ‘b’ are integers and b = is not
equal to 0. The word rational from, the word ratio, which means a
comparison of two quantities. The natural numbers, the whole
numbers and integers are all subsets of the set of rational numbers.
 For example:
The irrational numbers
 The numbers that can not be expressed in the from of a divide b are called
irrational numbers.
Here, ‘a’ and ‘b’ are integers (b not equal to 0). There are infinitely
many decimals that do not terminate and non-repeating. Such decimals are
irrational numbers, For example; 0.12112111211112…. And
0.030030003000003000003…
 There is no repeating patterns in above decimals. So these are not the rational
numbers. A non-repeating decimal is called an irrational numbers. Use three
dots after a series of digits to indicate that the number does not terminate. An
infinite number of square roots are irrational numbers, for example:
Calculation displays rational approximations of these square roots. A rational
approximation for an irrational number is actually a rational number that is colure to,
but not equal to, the value of the irrational number. The symbol (approximately
equal to) is used to represent rational approximation. There are an infinite numbers
of rational numbers between two rational numbers.
a rational number can be
expressed as a decimal. Simply perform the division to express a rational number as
a fraction. For example; 1 divide by 2 express as decimal 0.500000.
Decimals that result a continually obtain zeros in the quotient after a point are called
terminating decimals. For example; 05, 0.76 and 0.0925.
all rational numbers cannot
be expressed as terminating decimals. For example;
1 by 3 express as a decimal: 0.333333 and 2 by 11 express as a decimal:
0.181818
Decimal that result a continually repeated the same group of digits in the same
order are called repeating decimal periodic decimals. A bar (-) is used to represent
repeating decimal. The bar is placed over the group of digits that Is to be continually
repeated. For example;
0.333333…= 0.3 bar 0,1818181= 0.18 bar
Every rational number can be expressed as a either a terminating decimal or a
repeating decimal. Every terminating decimal can be expressed as a rational
number. Also, a repeating decimal can be expressed as a rational numbers.
Thus, it is not correct to write under root 2 = 1.4142136, but it is correct to write under root 2 ~
1.4142136. pie is an irrational number and there are many rational
approximations for pie, that is, pie ~ 2.14, pie ~ 22 by 7,
pie ~ 3.1416 If pie is
doubled, or halved, or if a rational number is added to or subtracted from pie, the result is again
an irrational number. For example; 2 pie, pie by 2, pie +9, pie -5

A decimal can be converted into a fraction using these following procedures:

1. To convert a decimal, first write the decimal divided by 1, then multiply both numerator and
denominator with 10 for every number after the decimal point (if there are two numbers then
multiply with 100 after the decimal points, if there are three then use 1000, etc.) and finally
simplify with fraction.
2. Repeated the decimals can be converted into fractions by shifting the decimal to the right and
subtracting the decimals. For a single repeating decimal, multiply the decimal by 10 and subtract
the original decimal from it. Finally, divide both sides by 9 to obtain the fractional form of the
decimal. If the pattern repeats every two places, multiply by 100 to shift the decimal point two
places and subtract the original decimal from it. Finally, divide both ides by 99 to obtain the
fractional form from the decimal.
Example:
The bodmas rule is used to ensure the mathematical
expressions are evaluated correctly. To evaluate an expression
using bodmas, follow these steps:
The bodmas rule is used to ensure that mathematical
expressions are evaluated correctly. To evaluate an
expression using bodmas , follow these steps :

 1 Evaluate any expressions inside the brackets first.

2Evaluate any powers and roots next.
3Perform division and multiplication from left to right.
4Perform addition and subtraction from left to right.

 Example: solve the following expressions using BODMAS.

4+9 x (6 divide 2) -5

 Solution:
4+9 x (6 divide 2) -5 two = 4+9 x 3 – 25= 4+27-25= 31-25 = 6
Working: Inside he parentheses, calculate 6 divide 2=3. new expression 4+9 x
3-5tw Orders (Exponents): calculate 5t = 25. New Expression: 4+9 x 3-5T
Division (D) and Multiplication (M) (from left to right):
Perform multiplication first, 9 x 3= 27
Next Expression: 4+27-25
Addition (A) and Subtraction (S) (from left to right): Perform addition first, 4+27=31, and then
subtraction, 31-25=6. the expression evaluates to 6.
Example:
(11+2) x (8 divide 4) – 2 Three
Basic arithmetic operations and bodmas rule
 Fundamental arithmetic operations are the basic mathematical operations which
are used to perform calculations with numbers. These operations are addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division. The few example for real life usage may be
calculating: the bill at a restaurant, the time to travel to a destination, the amount
of money to buy a house, amount of tax and the dosage of a medication etc.
 BBODMAS is an acronym for the order of operation in arithmetic. It stands for,
1 Brackets (B): () {} []
2 Orders (O): (powers and roots)
3 Division (D): splitting the divided
(original number) into equal parts 4 Multiplication (M):
adding a number to itself serially 5 Addition
(A): (+) finding the total of two or more operands. The result is called a sum.
6 Subtraction (S):
(-) finding how far apart two values are. The result is called a difference.
 Conversion:
 Conversion is the process of changing from one of measurement to another. For
example, converting meters into gallons. Unit conversion is a multi-step
procedure that comprises multiplication or division by numerical coefficients.
There are several means to measure weight, distance, and temperature. In
some countries, the distance is measured in kilometers, and weight in kilo
grams, and temperature in degree Celsius. The explanation of units and their
conversions for some common physical quantities such as dimensions, area,
perimeter and volume are vital to understand for a number person. All units for
the same dimension are associated to each other using a conversion factor. For
example, 2.54 cm is exactly equal to 1inch. There are seven base dimensions
that can be combined to describe all of the other dimensions of all interest in
all disciplines. To convert bigger unit to a smaller unit multiply and to convert a
smaller unit to a bigger unit divide.
 The situation determines which unit is used. For example, a kitchen’s area is measured in meters,
however a pencils length and thickness are expressed in centimeters and millimeters, respectively.
As a result, one must convert between units. Individual should learn the link between units in order
to understand the idea of unit conversion. The conversion factors enable conversion from any of the
units to any other.

 Some Basic Conversion of Unit for Length

100mm = 1cm ; 100mm=10cm
1000mm=100cm ; 1000m=1km
 Some Basic Conversion of Unit for Mass
100mg= 1cg ; 100mg=10cm
1000mg=100cg=1g ; 1000g=1kg
 Some Basic Conversion of Unit of Time
1minute= 60 seconds ; 1hour=60 min=3600seconds
1day=24hours ; 1week=7days ; 1year=365days
Dimension: length/Distance Dimension: Mass/Weight
METRIC Imperial System Metric System Imperial System
SYSTEM
Miligram (mg) Grain (gr)
Millimeter Inches (IN)
(mm) Centigram (cg) Ounce (oz)
Centimeter Feet (ft) Gram (g) Quarter (qr or qtr)
(cm) Kilogram (kg) Stone (st)
Meter (m) Yard (yd) Pound (Ib)
Kilometer Mile (mi) Ton (t)
(km)

EXAMPLE:
2M TO CM

SOLUTION:
AS WE KNOW THAT , 1 METER(M)= 100 CENTIMETERS (CM) TO CM
example:
500g to kg
 Area
Area refers to the measurement that quantifies the size of a two-dimensional shape. An area
is measured in square units, such as square meters (m2), centimeters (cm2), square
millimeters (mm2), square meters (ft2) and square yards (yd2). It indicates the number of
square units needed to cover the interior of a particular shape. The concept of area is
important in a variety of mathematical and real-world situations, such as calculating the size
of a room, the land of area of a field, or the surface area of a shaper etc.
Some Conversion of Unit for Area:
1square foot-9.2903x10-2(power) square meter, 1ace= 4.0468 10-3(power)
square meter 1hectare= 10000 (=1x10power4) square meter, 1 square= 2.5888x10power6
square meter
Example: A
store is 4 meters long and 3 meters wide. What is the area of the store?
Solution:

Area = Length x Width = 4m x 3m = 12m square

Example:
A ground is 10 feet long and 5 feet wide. What is the area of the
ground?
 perimeter
 Perimeter refers to the size of the total length of the boundary of a two-
dimensional shape of an object. The perimeter is measured in linear
units, such as meters (m), centimeters (cm), millimeters (mm), inches
(in), feet (ft), and yards (yd). It quantifies that space across the shape.
Actually, perimeter proposing the sum of all the sides or arcs that enclose
the figure. The notion of perimeter is typically utilized in real-life world
applications, such as calculating the quantity of fencing for a lawn or
space traveled around a c closed path. A circle’s or an ellipse’s diameter
is its perimeter. The difference between area and perimeter is in the next
slide.
 Difference:

Area Perimeter
1 Area is the region occupied by a shape. 1 Perimeter is entire distance covered by the
boundary of a shape.
2 Area is measured in square units
(m2,cm2,in2) 2 Perimeter is measured in units (m,cm,in)
3 A rectangle is a figure with opposite sides 3 Perimeter of a rectangular shape is equal to sum of
are equal. all its four boundaries.
Area of rectangular shape is equal to product Perimeter = 2(length + Breadth) = 2(a + b)
of its length and breadth. Area = Length x 4 perimeter of a square = 4a
Breadth = axb. Where a and b are length and
width of a rectangle. 5 Perimeter of a triangle = a + b + c, where a,b and
care the three different sides of the triangle.
4 A square is a figure with all four sides are
equal.
5 Area of a triangle = ½ b x h; where b is the
base and h is the height of the triangle.
 Example:
 The length of rectangular playing ground is 10m and width is 12m. Find the
area and perimeter of the ground.
 Solution:
Given, Length= 10m and width= 12m
So, Area = Length x Width = 10 x 12 =
120 sq.m Perimeter = 2(length x width) – 2 x
(10+12) = 2 x 22 = 44m
 Example:
If the length of the sides of a square is 10cm. Then find its area and
perimeter.
 volume
 Volume refers to the me measurement that quantifies the amount of
a three-dimensional shape of an object. The volume is measured in
cubic units, such as cubic meters (m3), cubic centimeters (cm3),
cubic millimeters (mm3), cubic inches (in3), cubic feet (ft3) and cubic
yards (yd3) etc. It is the extent or capacity of a cube within given set
of boundaries, such as a solid object, a container, or any space in the
physical world and is used to express the size, capacity, or amount of
a substance object, or space in three- dimensions. The notion of
volume is essential in many fields such as architecture, engineering,
science, and daily life, as they allow us to gain insight into the spatial
properties and features of objects and areas.
Table:

Dimensions: Volume Dimension: Area

Metric System Metric System
Milliliter (ml) Fluid ounce (fl Square Square inches
oz) millimeters (in2)
Centiliter (cl) Gill (gi) (mm2)

Liter (l) Pint (pt) Square Square feet (ft2)

centimeters
Kiloliter (kl) Quart (qt) (cm2)
Gallon (gal) Square yards Square miles
(yd2) (mi2)
Square meters Acre
(m2)
Square
kilometers
 Example:
Awater bottle contains 1 liter of water. How
many gallons is this?
 Solution:
As we know that, 1L = 0.264172 gallons
So, 1 L x 0.264172 gallons/L = 0.264172 gallons

 Example:
A cube-shaped tank has sides measuring 3 meters each. If it is extended
in all dimensions by a factor of 2, what will be the new volume of the tank?
Rates, ratio, proportions and
percentages
 Understanding rates, ratios, percentages, and proportions is
fundamental in various fields of study, from mathematics and science
to finance and everyday decision-making. Rates help in comparing
different quantities with varying units. Understanding the concept of
rates is vital for several real life situations. Rates are used to compare
two related quantities that are measured in different units. A rate
defined using two numbers of the same units is known as ratio. The
dimensionless rates can be expresses as a percentage such as
literacy rate or fraction. Rates, ratio, proportions and percentages are
powerful tools for analyzing and comparing quantities in various
contexts. Mastering these concepts provides a solid foundation for
more advanced mathematical and analytical pursuits.
 Rate:
 A rate describes a relationship between two quantities having different units of measurement. It is the
quotient of two quantities represented as a fraction. It expresses how much of one thing is happening in
relation to each other. The word ‘pre’ describe the units of a rate which is used to separate the units of the
two measurements used to calculate the rate. Such as: miles per hour, price per item, rupees per hour,
meters per second, and beats per minute (to express heart rate) etc. the word ‘pre’ can be switched by the
symbol ‘/’ in solving problems. Rates are used in many everyday situations. A few examples may be:
 1. The speed of a train is 700 miles per 10 hours. It tells that the train can travel 700 miles I 10 hours.

 2. A person can do 60 pushups in 5 minutes. Here, pushups and minutes are two different units. It tells
that the person can do 60 pushups per every 5 minutes.
 3. The 2kgs bag of sugar costs rs.300, the rate is Rs.300 for 2kgs
 4. Interest rate, crime rate, profit rate, growth rate, birth rate and death rates are common examples of
rates.
 The formula for rate is: Rate = Quantity1/ Quantity 2
 Unit rate:
 It is where the second measurement (the denominator) is a quantity of one. The unit rate is different from a
rate, in a way that a number of units of the first quantity is compared to one unit of the second quantity.
The formula for the unit rate is: Unit Rate –
Quantity1 Few examples of unit rate are:
 1. The speed of a train is 70 miles per hour (the unit rate = 700 miles/10hours). It tells that the train can travel
70 miles in 1 hours.
 2. A person can do 12 pushups on 1 minutes (the unit rate- 60 pushups/5 minutes= 12 pushups per minutes).
In one minute there are 60 seconds. So, as unit rate, this can be express as 60 seconds per minute. Here, the
word ‘per minute’ denotes one minute.
 3. If the typing rate of a person is 80 words per minute, means that he can type 80 words in one minute. The
‘words’ and ‘minute’ are two different units.
 4. If bananas cost Rs.120 for one dozen, then the price of bananas is Rs.10 per piece.
 5. The sign of speed limit is a rate, says, 80 miles per hour. The speed and time have different units: miles
versus hours.
 6. Measuring how much a person can save per week or how many points a person can score in a game per
minute.
 7. Measuring how much a person can save per week or how many points a person can score in a game per
minute. The prices in grocery stores and department stores are often rates. Rates are also used in pricing
gasoline or tickets, measuring speed, or paying hourly wages and monthly fees ,
Example:
 A person can travel 1000 meters in 10 minute. What is the rate of meters per
minute?
 Solutions:
To calculate how many meters the person can travel in a minute.
 Rate= 1000meters/10 minutes= 100 metes per minute
So the person can travel 100 meters per minute. Here the word ‘per’
means for every minute. This is a unit rate.
 Example:
A printing machine can print 80 pages of an e-book in 40 seconds.
What is the unit rate per second of the number of pages printed?
Ratio:

 A ratio is a comparison of two quantities having same units. It is

expressed as: a:b (the two-dot character is the colon punctuation
mark) or a/b or written as ‘a to b’. The numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’ are the
terms of the ratio, with ‘a’ being the antecedent and ‘b’ being the
consequent. A ratio tells how many times on number contains
another.
 Few examples are:
1. If there are ten apples and five bananas in a
bowl of fruits, then the ratio of apples to bananas is ten to five (that
is, 10:5, which is equivalent to the ratio 2:1). In the same way, the
ratio of bananas to apple is 5:10(or 1:2).
2. The ratio of males and females in a department is 3 is to 2, or 3:2.
So, the ratio of females and males in a department is 2 is to 3, or 2:3.
Some problems may be have three or more quantities. For example, the ratio of various
ingredient used in a recipe. The numbers in a ratio ay be quantities of all types, like
number of people or objects, or measurements of length, weight and time, etc.
To simplify a ratio,
first write the specified ratio a:b and divide the numerator and denominator of the
fraction with the GCF to obtain the simplified fraction. So, ratios can be simplified by
dividing both terms with their greatest common factor (GCD).

Simplified the ratio= a/GCD(a,b) : b/GDC(a,b) a:GDC(a,b)b

A ratio may be considered as an ordered pair of numbers, a fraction
with the first number in the numerator and the second in the denominator. Ratio a:b and
c:d are proportional if a/b = c/d arrow ad = bc Equal quotients correspond to equal
ratios.
Example:
1. 20:16
Solution:
1. Write the given ratio 20:16 in the form of a fraction to get the
20/16. The GCF of 20 and 16 is 4. Now dividing the numerator and denominator by 4 to
get, (20 divide4) / (16 divide4) = 5/4. So, the simplified ratio
is 5:4.

Example:
 A proportion:
 A statement expressing the equality of two ratios “a:b” and “c:d” is called proportion, written as
“a:b= c:d” or “a:b:: c:d”. The latter form is expressed ‘a is to b’ and ‘c is to d’. where ‘a’,’b’,’c’ and ‘d’
are called the terms of proportion. The ‘a’ and ‘d’ are called its extremes, and ‘b’ and ‘c’ are called its
means.
 If a:b:: c:d arrow a divide b = c divide d
arrow ad=bc arrow Product of extremes = Product of means
Two ratios a:b and b:c is said to be in continued proportion if a:b = b:c. Here, the
term c is called the third proportion of a and b whereas b is called the mean proportion of between the
terms a and c.
 If a:b:: b:c arrow a divide b = b divide c arrow b2= ac
 The equality of three or more ratios, like “a:b =c:d = e:f” is also called a continued proportion.
However, a proportion is apart or share
measured in comparison to whole, whereas a ratio is the relative size of two measures. A rate is the
quantity that is divided by another quantity. All these three measure have different properties.
A proportion is an equation
stating that two ratios are equal.
If there are ten apple have five bananas in a bowl of fruits, then the ratio of apples to bananas is
ten to five (that is, 10:5, which is equivalent to the ratio 2:1) and the ratio of apples is the total
amount of fruits is 10:15 (or 2:3).
example:

 Find that if the following ratios are in proportion:

 1. 8:10 and 12:15
 Solution:
1. Ratios are proportional if the product of extremes is
equal to the product of means. As, product of extremes = ad = 8 x 15
= 120 and product of means = bc = 10 x 12 = 120.
As, product of extremes
= product of means = 120 so these ratios are in proportion.
 Example:
 2. 5:10::15:30
 A percentage
 The word ‘percent’ is derived from the Latin word ‘per centum’ which means “by a hundred” or
“per 100”. A percentage (symbolized as %) is a ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. A
percentage may be abbreviated as ‘pct’ pr ‘pc’. A percentage is a dimensionless quantity and
has no units. It is relative value indicating hundredth parts of a quantity.
So, percentages are useful for comparing quantities on
a common scale. One percent is a hundredth part of a quantity, 1005 signifies the whole
quantity and 300% identifies thrice of a particular quantity. To calculate percent percent of a
number, divide the number (actual value) by the whole (total value) and multiply by 100. that is,
Percentage = ( Component part x Whole) x 100 A percentage
means a part per hundred and can be stated in faction forms as well as decimal form. For
example, 20% means 20 out of 100 ( or it implies 20 percent of its total). So, 20% is equivalent
to the fraction 20/100 or 1:5 or 0.2 in the decimal form. Similarly, 1 percent of 1,000 = (1/100)
1,000 = 10, and 30 percent of 1,000 = (30/100) 1,000 = 300.
Percentage mans a number or a ratio represented in the form of fractions of 100.
percentages has a wide application such as discounts in procurement, bank interest rates, rates
of inflation, mortgage payments, sale price, discount and several figures in the broadcasting.
These are also significant for understanding the financial characteristics of the daily life.
 Rules to calculate the percentage
 1. if the given number is the decimal form then multiply the decimal number by 100. for
example, To convert 0.8 to a percentage, multiply 0.8 by 100 = 80%.
 2. If the given numbers is in fractional form then convert it to a decimal form and then
multiply it by 100. For example, to convert ½ to percentage, convert ½ to the decimal
form that is 0.5 and then multiply 0.5 by 100 as 0.5 x 100 = 50%. It can be also be find by
directly multiplying the fraction with the 100. for example, (1/2)100 = 50%.
 3. if the denominator is a factor of 100 then change the number into a fraction with
denominator 100.
 4. to calculate x percent of y, divide x by 100 and then multiply x by y. the resulting
number is x% of y. also note that: x% if y = y% of x.
 5. If percentage is given into decimal form then divide by 100 to remove the per cent sign
(%)
 A percentage problem has three unknown including: 1. the per cent 2. the part, and 3. the
base.
 Example:
 Recognize the unknown variables: 1. the percent 2. the part, 3. the base
of the following:
 1. 80% of 50 is 40
 Solution:
1. Here, 80 is the percent, 50 is the base and 40 is the part.
 Example: 2
1. Convert 0.35 to percentage
Solution:
1. Multiplying 0,35 by 100, to get 0.35 x 100 = 35%
Example: 3
1. Convert the fraction 21/25 to percentage.
 The percentage of a number:
 To calculate the percentage of a number use the formula:
p% of a number = x equation 1.
Where X is the required
percentage. If the percentage
sign is removed, then this is expressed as: (p/100) x
number = X equation 2.
 Example:
1. 2.5% of 600
 Solution:
2.5% of 600 =(2.5/100) x 600 = (1500)/100 = 15
Using formula: Let, 2.5% of 600 = X arrow (2.5/100) x 600 = X arrow
X=15
 Example:
20% of 700
1. Percentage increase:
 When the new values is greater then the original value. The percentage change
in the value signifies the percentage increase in the original number such that,
percentage Increase (% Increase) = ( Increase in
value/original value) x 100 Here, Increase in value = New value –
original value.

2. Percentage Decrease:

 When the new value is lesser than the original value. The percentage change in
the value signifies the percentage decrease in the original number such that,
percentage Decrease (% Decrease) = ( Decrease in value/original
value) x 100
Example:
The monthly salary of a person was increased from Rs.160,000, to Rs.180,000. Calculate
the increase in his percentage s salary.

 Solution:
 Original Salary= Rs.160,000
Increased Salary= Rs.180,000
Increase in Salary = Rs.180,000-160,000= Rs.20,000
Percentage Increase = (increase in salary/original salary) x 100
Percentage Increase = (20,000/160,000) x 100 (1/8)100 = 0.125 x 100 = 12.5%
So, there is a 12.5% increase in his original salary.

Example:
 In April a person worked a total of 130 hours, in May he worked 85 hours. Find the
percentage of working hours decrease in May?
 Profit and loss
 A person has to gains or loses of some amount of money on purchase and sale
of a particular item. The price at which a particular item is purchased is called
cost price. (c.p) and the price at which an article is sold is called selling price
(s.p). Hen, Profit= Selling price (s.p)- cost price (c.p) if s.p>c.p
equation(1) And, Loss= Selling price (s.p) – cost price (c.p) if c.p
>s.p equation(2) The percentage gain and loss one
calculated with respect to cost price (c.p) of a particular item:
 Example:
 A radio is bought at Rs.555 and sold at a profit of Rs.35 after
spending 25 rupees on its repairs. Find the selling price.

 Solution:
Given, cost price = 555 + 25 = Rs.580 and profit = Rs.35
Sale price= cost price = profit = 580 = 35 = Rs.615

Example:
A sales man sold 50 apples for Rs.890 and earned a profit of 9%. Find
the cost price of 40 apples.