Relative

Clauses
The Rule
We use relative clauses to describe or
give extra information about something
we have already mentioned. We often
use relative pronouns (e.g. who, where,
that, which, whose) to introduce
relative clauses.
Function
A clause is a group of words containing a
verb. Relative clauses are a way of giving
more information about a person, thing,
place, event, etc. We often use them to
avoid repeating information.
The people make fires. Their fires are used
for cooking.
= The people make fires, which they use
for cooking.
 Relative clauses begin with a relative
pronoun or relative adverb

• who/that (to refer to people)

• which/ (to refer to thing)
that (with people, animals
• whose and objects to show
possession)

The boy who /that studies at the college

is my neighbour.
The bakery which/that has red roof is next
to my house.
That is the girl whose mom is a teacher.
relative adverbs we
use
• when/ ( to refer to a time)
that (to refer to a place)
• where (to give a reason)
• why
That was the month (when/that) we
visited our parents.
The café where we had breakfast on
Monday is rather affordable.
The reason why she didn’t prepare
dinner is really foolish.
Defining/non-defining
relative clauses
• A defining relative • who, whom,
clause gives whose,
necessary information which, that
• A non-defining
relative clause gives • who, whom,
extra information and whose, which
we put it in commas
That grey thing, which you can see on the
roof there, isn’t very traditional.
This is Sophie, whose blog you’ve been
reading.
Fill in the blanks use who, which, that, when, why,
where or whose.
1. His sister, … name is Lara, works at the library.
2. Her last film, … I couldn’t understand at all, was a great
success.
3. Give him something … will take away the pain.
4. I work in the town … my son lives.
5. We’ll show you the poem … changed my life.
6. Doctors, … claim money, are shameless.
7. Is there a shop near here … sells milk?
8. That’s the main reason … I came to you.
9. I’ll never forget my childhood … I was so happy.
10. People … live in flats shouldn’t have animals.
11. The car … he bought last month is fantastic.
12. This is the most beautiful waterfall … we have ever
seen!
 Causative
Clauses
What is the Causative?
The causative form is a special
form of passive voice we use
when we speak about a
professional service which
someone does for us.
Subject + object +
V3
have +
Ann is having her hair
done.
 She is She is
doing her having
hair. her hair
done.
Present Simple She has her room
Present painted.
Continuous She is having her
Past Simple room.
Past Continuous She had her room
painted.
Present Perfect She was having
her room painted.

Past Perfect She has had her

room painted.
Present Perfect She has been
Continuous having her room
painted.
Future Simple She will have her
room painted.
She wants to have
Infinitive
her room painted.
She likes having
Ving
her room painted.
She should have
Modal verbs
her room painted.
Change the sentences using
the causative forms.
1) I won’t fix the car myself.
I will have the car fixed.
2)They didn’t repair the fence
themselves.
They had the fence repaired.
3)She isn’t making the dress
herself.
4)They aren’t going to paint the
house themselves.
They are going to have the
house painted.
5)They don’t develop their film
themselves.
They have their film developed.
Open the brackets:
She _____
had the(the
carcar
bought
/ buy)last
lastyear.
year.
She is having her face made up
She _____ (her face/ make up) now.
now.
He must ____
have his
(hishead
head/bandage).
bandaged..
My mother _______ (fish/clean)
has just had the fish
just.
cleaned.
My dad _______
will have(his
his car
car/wash)
washedinin
two hours.
They ___
haven’t
(a new
hadhouse/not
a new house
build)
built
yet.
He ____
has his
(his
teeth
teeth/check)
checked twice
twiceaa
year.
I ____ (myhair
had my hair/cut)
cut lastlast weekend.
weekend.
Do you
You ___(your
have your
nails/do)
nails every
done every
2
2weeks?
weeks?
 Noun
Clauses
A noun clause is a dependent
clause that acts as a noun. It can
be used as the subject, direct
object, indirect object, object of a
preposition, subject complement,
or appositive.
Subject: What I had forgotten was that I
had a test today.
Direct object: You must choose which flavor
of ice cream you want.
Indirect object: I will tell whoever will
listen my frightening story.
Object of a preposition: Josie is not
interested in whatever Kyle says.
Subject complement: Michael's excuse
was that he had forgotten to set his alarm.
Appositive: It seems to bother the
teacher that all the students are being too
quiet.
Noun clauses often begin with pronouns,
subordinating conjunctions, or other words.
The introductory word generally has a
grammatical function in the sentence.

Relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom,

whose, what
Indefinite relative pronouns: whoever,
whomever, whatever, whichever, whether, if
Interrogative pronoun: who
Interrogative adjective: what
Interrogative adverb: how
Subordinating conjunctions: how, if, when,
whenever, where, whether, why
Whoever/Whomever - the correct choice
in formal writing is whichever pronoun is
correct in the subordinate sentence. In
informal speech, using the correct pronoun
often sounds pretentious.

Whoever is responsible for this mess

needs to clean it up. (Whoever is the
subject of the verb is.)
Whomever you hit accidentally
deserves an apology. (Whomever is
the direct object of the verb hit.)
Sometimes the introductory word is understood.

Daria told me she was going to be late.

Daria told me (that) she was going to be
late.

Some noun clauses, especially those used as

subjects, begin with that, which seems to serve
no function. It makes sense if you include the
fact or the idea before it. Some modern English
constructions that seem to make no sense are
the result of our dropping words.

That we were late to class really upset the

teacher.
The fact that we were late to class really upset
the teacher.
Complete the sentences by reporting the speaker’s
words in noun clause.
Example: Pedro said, «I will help you».
Pedro said (that) he would help me.

1. She said, «We ought to plan something».

2. «Never heard of them», he remarked decisively.
3. «Don’t look at me», Daisy reported.

Answers:

She said (that) they ought to plan something.

He remarked (that) he had never heard of them.
She told me not to look at her.
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