ELECTROM

AGNETIC
THEORY
TS NOR ROSHIDAH
BINTI YUSOF
 ELECTRIC FIELD IN MATERIAL SPAC

ELECT CONDU
CTOR
ROSTA INSULATO
TIC R/
BOUNDAR
DIELECTRI
Y
C
LECTRIC FIELD IN MATERIAL SPAC
Material is classified in terms of its
conductivity

: conductor / metal
(high
conductivity)
In between : semiconductor
(Si : 1.67 × 10-2 to 10)

insulator /
 CONDUCTOR
Current : the electric charge passing through the area pe
unit time
Current density : the current flows through a surface

❑
𝑑𝑄
𝐼= =∫ ⃗𝐽 . 𝑑 ⃗
𝑆 (Unit : Ampere)
𝑑𝑡 𝑠
 Current density
current flows through a surface
Type : conduction, convection, displaceme
Satisfy ohm’s law
Exist in conducting material

Doesn’t satisfy ohm’s law

Exist in insulating medium ( liquid, gas, vacuum)
 CONDUCTOR
𝜌𝑣

⃗
𝑢

∆𝑆 ∆𝑙

Convection
⃗𝐽 =𝜌 𝑢 : current
current 𝑣⃗ density
: current
velocity
Conduction ⃗
𝐽=𝜎 ⃗
𝐸 : charge density
current : conductivity
 CONDUCTOR
Consist of abundance of charge that freely
move
n external electric field is applied,
positive charge moving on the
same direction with

negative charge moving on the

opposite direction to
 CONDUCTOR
Perfect conductor cannot contain an electrostatic field with

Under static condition

( inside a conductor)
 CONDUCTOR
For

⃗ V
𝐸 𝑒
−

>>>>

Preview of conductor vs insulator :

 CONDUCTOR
>>
Ohm’
s law
⃗ ⃗
𝑃=∫ 𝐸 . 𝐽 𝑑𝑣
Joule’ If
s law
 Example 1
A wire of diameter 1 mm and conductivity 5 x 107 S/m
has 1029 free electrons/m3 when an electric field of 10
mV/m is applied. Find :
a) The charge density of free electron
b) The current density
c) The current in wire
d) The drift velocity of electron if e= -1.6x10-19 C.
 Example 1
a) The charge density of free electron

b) The current density

 Example 1
c) The current in wire
𝐼 = 𝐽𝑆

d) The drift velocity of electron

>>
 Example 2
If , calculate the current passing through the
hemispherical shell of radius, 20 cm

( consider , )
 Example 2
If , calculate the current passing through the
hemispherical shell of radius, 20 cm

( consider , )

⃗ ⃗
𝐼 =∫ 𝐽 . 𝑑 𝑆 ⃗ 2
^𝑟
𝑑 𝑆=r sin 𝜃 𝑑 𝜙 𝑑 𝜃 𝑎
 Example 2
If , calculate the current passing through the
hemispherical shell of radius, 20 cm
𝜋/2 2𝜋
1
𝐼= ∫ ∫ r
3 ( 2 cos 𝜃 ^
𝑎 𝑟 + sin 𝜃 ^
𝑎 𝜃 ) .r
2
sin 𝜃 𝑑 𝜙 𝑑 𝜃 ^
𝑎 𝑟
𝜃=0 𝜙=0

⃗ 2
^𝑟
𝑑 𝑆=r sin 𝜃 𝑑 𝜙 𝑑 𝜃 𝑎
Example 3
For the current density of , find the current through the
cylindrical surface with

Answer : 694.08 A
 dielectric
Dielectric : have no free electrons in atomic outermost shell
>> cannot conduct current.
But, the charges in dielectric will experience the displacement
when external force is applied.
The main difference of dielectric from insulators is that it can
store energy.
All insulator in electrical circuits are dielectrics.
 dielectric
- - -
- -
⃗
𝐸 - - -
- -
- -
+¿ -
-
-
-
+
-
-
- - + -
-
- ≡ -
-
+
-
-
d
- -
- ⃗
𝐸 -
-
- +

⃗
𝐸 =0 Dipole
mome
nt
Under zero biased, the amount of positive and negative charge = 0.
As we apply electric field, positive charge deviates/displace from the equilibrium position to the
direction of E. While, negative charge set apart. Hence, dipole moment phenomena occurs ( due
to displacement of charge)
dielectric
• Electric dipole occurs when
two electrical charges, of
opposite sign and equal
magnitude, are separated by
a distance, d.

• The size of a dipole is

measured by its dipole
moment (μ : unit Debye).

• Dipole moment, p is equal to

the distance between the
charges multiplied by the
 dielectric
Dipole • If there are N
moment dipoles

• Polarization
𝑁

∑ 𝑄𝑘 ⃗
𝑑𝑘
⃗
𝑃 = lim
𝑘=1

∆𝑣 →0 ∆𝑣
 dielectric
CONDUCT DIELECT
OR⃗𝐷=𝜀 ⃗𝐸𝑜
⃗ RIC⃗
𝐷=𝜀 𝐸+ ⃗
𝑜 𝑃=𝜀 𝜀 𝑜
⃗
𝑟 𝐸

⃗
𝑃 = 𝜒 𝑒 𝜀𝑜 ⃗
𝐸
𝜀𝑟 =1 + 𝜒 𝑒

or Linear, isotropic and homogeneous dielectric only

 dielectric
NEAR – ISOTROPIC - HOMOGENEOUS
ɛ does not vary in the region
⃗
𝐷=𝜀𝑜 ⃗
𝐸
⃗𝐷 varieslinearlywith ⃗𝐸

NLINEAR – ANISOTROPIC - INHOMOGENE

⃗𝐷didnot varieslinearlywith ⃗𝐸 ɛ is dependence on space coordinate
 ⃗
𝐷=𝜀𝑜 ⃗
𝐸
dielectric
ANISOTROPIC

[ ][ ][ ]
𝐷𝑥 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝜀 𝑥𝑦 𝜀 𝑥𝑧 𝐸𝑥
𝐷 𝑦 = 𝜀 𝑦𝑥 𝜀 𝑦𝑦 𝜀 𝑦𝑧 𝐸𝑦
𝐷𝑧 𝜀 𝑧𝑥 𝜀 𝑧𝑦 𝜀 𝑧𝑧 𝐸𝑧
example
• A dielectric sphere of radius 10 cm has a point charge
of 2pC placed at its centre. Calculate the surface
density of the polarization charge on the surface of
sphere.
⃗
𝑃 = 𝜒 𝑒 𝜀𝑜 ⃗𝐸
𝜀𝑟 =1 + 𝜒 𝑒
)
Boundary
condition
WHAT HAPPEN TO
ELECTRIC FIELD
WHEN WE HAVE 2
DIFFERENT
MEDIA??
 Boundary
condition
WHAT HAPPEN TO ELECTRIC FIELD WHEN WE HAVE 2 DIFFERENT MEDIA??

DIELECTRIC - DIELECTRIC CONDUCTOR - DIELECTRIC CONDUCTOR – FREE SPACE

𝜺𝒓 𝟐

𝜺𝒓 𝟏
 Boundary
condition
BOUNDARY CONDITION >> INTERFACE SEPARATION

DIELECTRIC - DIELECTRIC CONDUCTOR - DIELECTRIC CONDUCTOR – FREE SPACE

𝜺𝒓 𝟐

𝜺𝒓 𝟏
 Boundary
condition
BOUNDARY CONDITION >> INTERFACE SEPARATION

axwell’s
1 equation ⃗ ⃗ : ⃗
∮ 𝐸.𝑑 𝑙=0 ∮ 𝐷.𝑑 𝑆=𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐
⃗
ompose
2 electric field intensity :
⃗
𝐸 =⃗
𝐸𝑡 + ⃗
𝐸𝑛
 DIELECTRIC – DIELECTRIC
Boundary condition
⃗
𝐸1 1 =⃗ 𝐸𝑛 1 ⃗
𝐸 𝑡 1+ ⃗ 𝐸2 =⃗
2 𝐸 𝑡2 + ⃗
𝐸𝑛 2
𝜺𝟏=𝜺𝒐 𝜺 𝒓 𝟏
𝜺𝟐=𝜺𝒐 𝜺 𝒓 𝟐

𝜺𝟏
𝜺𝟐
 DIELECTRIC – DIELECTRIC
Boundary condition

𝜺𝟏
𝜺𝟐
conductor – DIELECTRIC
Boundary condition
1 Assume a perfect conductor
(E=0) >> no electric field exist within
conductor
𝐷𝑡 =𝜀𝑜 𝜀𝑟 𝐸 𝑡 𝐷𝑛 =𝜀𝑜 𝜀𝑟 𝐸𝑛 =𝜌 𝑠

E=0
conductor – free space
Boundary condition

𝐷𝑡 =𝜀𝑜 𝐸𝑡 =0 𝐷𝑛 =𝜀𝑜 𝐸 𝑛 =𝜌 𝑠

E=0
Thank
you…..