S/N NAME OF PARTICIPANTS REG: NUMBER DEGREE SINGANTURE

PROGRAM
1 ROZINA VICTOR SHINE T22-03-13843 BSC PHYSICS
2 SHARIFU S JUMANNE T22-03-01873 BSC PHYSICS
3 TATIZO KASHIND T22-03-01148 BSC PHYSICS
4 DAVID LEONARD MWERI T22-03-08322 BSC PHYSICS
5 TABU HAMIS JUMA T22-03-06941 BSC PHYSICS
6 MAYET KESSOY T22-03-07758 BSC PHYSICS
7 EMMANUEL JEREMIAH EDWARD T22-03-07263 BSC PHYSICS

8 DANIEL ESSERO MAFURU T22-03-07486 BSC PHYSICS

 GROUP 1 PRESENTATION

QN Describe the process of recording

and reconstructing a hologram
A diagram of a hologram
HOLOGRAPHY
• In 1948 the scientist known as Dennis Gabor outlines
two lenses -lens imaging process.it is radically a new
technique of photographing the object and is known as
wave front reconstruction the technique is called
holography.
• The word Holography comes from two Greek words
holo and graph, holo means complete and graphy
means Recording. Therefore, holography is the
Greek word means complete recording
• Holography process gives the complete information
about both intensity and phase of the light waves that
are reflected from the object making it possible to
reconstruct a 3D image with depth, parallax and
perspective. (Benton et al., 2008)
• Holography was being technology of optics that records and
reconstructs wave-fronts of light and have potential
development for use in next‐ generation imaging technology
with various applications such as optical data storage and
three‐ dimensional holographic imaging (Bjelkhan et al.,
2013).
• Holography is the technique used to create a three-
dimensional image (hologram) by recording light
patterns that reflect off an object and reconstructing
the image of the object. This technique creates three-
dimensional images using laser light which is emitted
and illuminated to the object.
HOLOGRAPHY BASIC PRINCIPLES
• Light is the form of electromagnetic wave in nature and
became standard on theory of holography which entirely
revolves around electromagnetic wave propagation (Born &
Wolf, 1999).
• The principle of holography is based on the interference and
diffraction of light. This is explained as when light from a
coherent source (laser light) is split into two beams, one of
these beams illuminates the object, while the other is directed
onto a photographic medium, such as a holographic plate or
film.
Basic principlecont...
• As hologram requires two coherent beams and the
holographic plate records their interference pattern.
both beams are derived from the same source, one
serves as a direct reference beam the other is the wave-
front scattered from the object (Collier, R 2013).
Basic principle cont...
Holography involve two basic principle which are
• Recording or construction
• Reconstruction or retransformation
Construction of a holography
Construction of a holography
Recording and construction of hologram
To record hologram, a laser beam is directed toward a
beam splitter which divides it into two beams, first one
is reference beam this reference beam is mainly incident
to the mirror then reflected and collected to the
photographic plate.
• The second one is objective beam which is allowed to fall on
the object and reflected to the photographic plate the wave
from reference beam and object beam interfere each other
and thus interference pattern are recorded on the light
sensitive holographic plate often using a photoresist material,
this pattern represents the light wave structure of the object
rather than a direct image of it, so this is how hologram is
formed. (Schnars et al., (2002)
• The holographic plate captures both the light
intensity(amplitude) and the phase of the light waves,
which includes the depth and shape information of the
object. Hologram does not contain distinct image of
the object only record the interference pattern formed
by superposition of coherent light beam one from
object and other from the mirror.
Reconstruction or retransformation of hologram
• To reconstruct the image, beam splitter is removed now a
laser beam (reconstruction beam) identical to the reference
beam illuminates the recorded hologram. The hologram
diffracts the light and diffracted light form the virtual image
this is identical to the object and it appear at the original
position occupied by the object.
• The observer sees the image as three-dimensional
representations of the original object. If viewed from
different angles, various perspectives of the object can be
observed (DeVelis et al., 1996)
Reconstruction or retransformation of hologram
APPLICATION OF HOLOGRAPHY
Holography has various applications in many fields, owing to
its ability to capture and reproduce detailed 3D images.
Security and Anti-Counterfeiting
• Holograms are widely used for security purposes, such as on
currency, credit cards, and identity documents. Since
holograms are difficult to replicate, they serve as an effective
deterrent against counterfeiting.
• The use of holographic images on banknotes or credit cards
ensures that they are hard to duplicate, providing security for
financial transactions.
APPLICATION OF HOLOGRAPHY
Medical Imaging
• In medicine, holography is used for imaging and diagnostics.
It allows for the creation of 3D images of internal organs,
tissues, and other structures, which helps doctors in
visualizing complex anatomical features.
• Holographic Microscopy is used in biological research to
study living cells in 3D without staining or damaging the
cells.
APPLICATION OF HOLOGRAPHY
Data Storage
• Holographic data storage involves recording data in 3D on
the surface of a medium, enabling very high data density.
This method has the potential to significantly increase storage
capacity compared to traditional 2D storage methods.
• Holographic storage systems can potentially hold terabytes of
data on a single disc, offering vast improvements in storage
efficiency.
APPLICATION OF HOLOGRAPHY
Entertainment and Virtual Reality (VR)
• Holography is being integrated into entertainment
technologies to create immersive 3D displays,
especially for virtual reality (VR) and augmented
reality (AR) applications. Holographic Displays in
concerts, such as those used by artists like Tupac
Shakur (at Coachella) and Michael Jackson, create the
illusion of 3D lifelike performers.
APPLICATION OF HOLOGRAPHY
Industrial and Scientific Applications
• Holography is used in non-destructive testing, material
inspection, and engineering. It helps in analysing the
stress, strain, and deformation in materials under
various conditions, and is also used in surface
profiling.
• Holographic Interferometry is used to inspect the
integrity of materials like metal and composites in
engineering, aerospace, and automotive industries
APPLICATION OF HOLOGRAPHY
Art and Photography
• Artists use holography to create innovative 3D
artworks that can be viewed from different angles,
providing an immersive viewing experience.
• Holographic art exhibitions allow visitors to interact
with sculptures and paintings in 3D, offering a
dynamic, evolving visual experience
REFERENCES

• Gabor, D. (1972). Holography, 1948-1971. Science, 177(4046), 299-313.

• Benton, S. A., & Bove Jr, V. M. (2008). Holographic imaging. John Wiley & Sons.
• Aina, O. (2010). Application of holographic technology in education.
• Bjelkhagen, H., & Brotherton-Ratcliffe, D. (2013). Ultra-realistic imaging:
advanced techniques in analogue and digital colour holography. CRC press
• Johnston, S. (2016). Holograms: A cultural history. Oxford University Press
• Collier, R. (2013). Optical holography. Elsevier
• Rastogi, P. K. (Ed.). (2013). Holographic interferometry: principles and methods
(Vol. 68). Springer.