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Compositional Analysis SS316 (1)

This document provides a comprehensive analysis of Stainless Steel 316, detailing its composition, properties, and differences from other stainless steel types. It highlights the roles of key alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, and molybdenum in enhancing corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. The document also includes methods of compositional analysis and a comparison between variants 316L and 316H.

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3 views

Compositional Analysis SS316 (1)

This document provides a comprehensive analysis of Stainless Steel 316, detailing its composition, properties, and differences from other stainless steel types. It highlights the roles of key alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, and molybdenum in enhancing corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. The document also includes methods of compositional analysis and a comparison between variants 316L and 316H.

Uploaded by

nitkummau072
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Compositional Analysis of

Stainless Steel 316


A Comprehensive Study
Presented by: Nitish (2022UGMM072)
Introduction
 Before moving towards the stainless steel 316 let’s start
with a brief introduction of stainless steel and its types.
 Stainless steel, which is also known as corrosion resistance
steel, typically consist of at least 10.5 wt.% to 30 wt% of
chromium. Stainless steel’s corrosion resistance property is
due to chromium that forms a passive layer (chromium
oxide) on the surface and protects the steel from further
oxidation.
 Stainless steels are primarily classified into five types:
Austenitic: Austenitic stainless steels are the most widely
used type of stainless steel, known for their high nickel (10%)
and chromium (18%) content. The most familiar category SS-
304 comes in this category. FCC crystal structure.
Introduction
Ferritic: Ferritic ss contain less Cr content than austenitic
types and are nickel free. They provide good resistance to
corrosion but have reduced ductility and formability.
Martensitic: They has a very high carbon content due to
which they have superior strength. Contains typically 13%
chromium. Used for making cutting tools, BCT crystal structure.
Duplex: These are the types of ss which has mixed
microstructure of austenitic and ferritic. It contains 22%
chromium and 5% nickel.
Precipitation Hardened: Precipitation hardening stainless
steel (PH stainless steel) is a type of stainless steel that
achieves high strength and excellent corrosion resistance
through heat treatment technology. It is divided into
martensitic, semi-austenitic and austenitic types.
Introduction
 Now coming to 316 stainless steel which is a austenitic
stainless steel and most used stainless steel after 304
stainless steel with a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal
structure.
 It has excellent corrosion resistance, particularly against
chlorides, and is widely used in marine environments,
chemical processing, medical devices, etc.
 Common variants include 316L and 316H.
 316 is often processed through cold working to gain high
strength because it is not heat treatable.
 Heat treatment process like annealing is done to relieve
stress and improve ductility and toughness.
Chemical Composition of SS316
Element Weight %
Fe Balance
Cr 16–18

Ni 10–14
Mo 2–3

Mn ≤2

Si ≤1
C ≤0.08

P ≤0.045

S ≤0.030
Role of Chromium (Cr) in SS-316
 Cr is the main alloying element which is for steel’s stainless
property. Typical composition of Cr is 16 to 18 wt% in SS-316
(18 % in SS-304).
 It forms a oxide layer (chromium oxide, Cr₂O₃) on the surface of
steel by reacting with atmosphere’s oxygen and this layer protect
the steel from corrosion. This layer is self healing and forms
automatically when it is removed due to any action like
scratching.
 Decreases chromium content will reduces the passivation ability
of steel.
 Increasing chromium content promote ferrite formation so if
content of Ni is not adjusted, it may risk of forming ferrite phase.
Also it may lead to formation of intermetallic phases(like sigma
phase) which causes reduction in toughness and ductility of steel.
 Also at high temperature, Cr can contribute to sensitization,
leading to intergranular corrosion.
Role of Nickel (Ni) in SS-316
 Nickel is an austenite stabilizer. It is added to stabilize
austenitic phase of SS-316.
 Composition of Ni in SS-316 is approximately 10-14 wt%
while in SS-304 it is 10 wt%.
 Adding Nickel also improves the formability, ductility and
toughness of steel.
 Reducing Ni content may lead to formation of or ferrite
and also lowers toughness.
 It is critical for austenitic structure and good mechanical
properties.
 Nickel is allergen and may restricted in medical implants.
 Nitrogen may replace Ni for austenitic stability and
strength.
Role of Molybdenum (Mo) in SS-316
 Wt % of Molybdenum in SS-316 is 2-3 %.
 It is the addition of Mo which differ it from SS-304.
 It enhances the corrosion resistance particularly against
chlorides environments, against localised corrosion like
pitting and crevice corrosion.
 It also improves high temperature strength.
 Reducing its content may decrease resistant to corrosion in
aggressive environment .
 Tungsten is a alternative element in some alloys but it is
very costly.
Role of Carbon (C) in SS-316
 Carbon level is upto 0.08 wt%. It is main cause for
hardness and strength of alloy.
 It is added in very small amount to avoid forming carbide
precipitation which leads to sensitization of steel and
further intergranular corrosion occurs.
 Increasing its content also reduce ductility.
 Decreasing its content may improve weldability and
ductility.
Sensitization of steel (IGR)
 As the name suggests, intergranular corrosion occurs
preferentially along grain boundaries. The net result is that a
macroscopic specimen disintegrates along its grain boundaries.
 This type of corrosion occurs in some stainless steels, when
heated to temperatures between 500°C and 800°C for a long
time period, Chromium in steel reacts with carbon to form
chromium carbide at GBs.
 As Cr form carbide, it depletes surrounding chromium in this
region and that region is more prone to corrosion.
 To solve this problem, carbon content should be lowered as
much as possible, typically less than 0.03%.
 Another possible solution is to add element that has more
affinity to form carbide than Cr such as Niobium and Titanium so
that these elements forms carbides and Cr remains in solid
solution.
Role of other alloying elements
 Other alloying elements like Mn and Si acts as a deoxidizer
and improve hot workability.
 Si helps in resistance to oxidation at high temperature. Too
much Si will cause brittleness.
 P and S are often impurities of hot metal are in very low
amount and are usually undesirable.
 Sulphur may lead to Hot Shortness (Hot Shortness is due to
Sulphur when steel become brittle during hot working due
to formation of low melting compounds like iron sulphide.)
Methods of Compositional Analysis
Spectro Test
It is a method used to find out the chemical composition of alloy. In
this method a small part of alloy is excited using an electric arc or
spark. This excitation make the atom to emit light of specific
wavelength. A spectrometer captures this light and analyze the
wavelengths to figure out which elements and how much are
present.

The spectro test of given sample is taken and chemical composition


of elements are detected.

Nature of sample: Stainless steel round bar


Remark : The chemical composition confirms that the
unknown sample is 316 stainless steel.
Spectro test report
Elements Required chemical Actual chemical
composition(wt%) composition (wt%)
C 0.08 max. 0.06
Cr 16.00-18.00 16.19
Ni 10.00-14.00 10.31
Mo 2.00-3.00 2.083
Si 1.00 max 0.324
P 0.045 max 0.027
S 0.03 max 0.013
Mn 2.00 max 1.555
Microstructure Analysis
Here is the microstructure of a
SS-316 sample, taken by an optical
microscope at 50x magnification.
Austenite Grains(gamma phase):
The microstructure primarily consist
of large polygonal grains with twins
and slip lines visible. This is the
matrix and dominant phase.
Annealing twins:
The straight parallel lines in
grains are annealing twins. This is due to low stacking fault energy.
Inclusions or second phase particle:
Small dark spots may be non metallic inclusions (oxide or sulphides).
Types: 316L vs. 316H
316L 316H
It is low carbon version of 316. It is high carbon version of 316.
C content upto 0.03 wt%. C content varies 0.08-0.10 wt.%
Excellent corrosion resistance. Less corrosion resistance than 316L.
Chances of carbide precipitation Due to high C content, chances of
are very low due to low C carbide precipitation at GBs are very
content. high.
More ductile and toughened. Less ductile and toughened.
Less strength. High strength.
Very good weldability. Poor weldability.
Used in medical implants, Used in application where high strength
marine environments and for is requires, especially at elevated
better weldability. temperature.
Conclusion
 The stainless steel’s stainless property comes from its
composition.
 Molybdenum (Mo) is the main difference between SS-304
and SS-316.
 316 is better resistance to corrosion especially against
chlorides environments.
 The better corrosion resistance comes due to Mo addition.
References
 Materials Science and Engineering: an introduction ; William
D. Callister , David G. Rethwisch
 ‘’Ironmaking and Steelmaking: Theory and Practic’’ by
Ahindra Ghosh

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