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The document outlines the Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) as a statistical method used to assess the impact of independent variables on multiple dependent variables simultaneously, emphasizing its advantages in reducing Type I error and providing comprehensive insights. It details the steps involved in conducting MANOVA, including defining research questions, ensuring assumptions are met, collecting data, and interpreting results. Additionally, it introduces the Mann-Whitney U-Test as a non-parametric alternative for comparing two groups when normal distribution assumptions are not met.

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Soujanya Lk
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T test - Copy

The document outlines the Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) as a statistical method used to assess the impact of independent variables on multiple dependent variables simultaneously, emphasizing its advantages in reducing Type I error and providing comprehensive insights. It details the steps involved in conducting MANOVA, including defining research questions, ensuring assumptions are met, collecting data, and interpreting results. Additionally, it introduces the Mann-Whitney U-Test as a non-parametric alternative for comparing two groups when normal distribution assumptions are not met.

Uploaded by

Soujanya Lk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RESEARCH DESIGN AND STATISTICS

Faculty : SOUJANYA L
Semester : II SEMESTER (MSc)
Programme MSc Clinical Psychology
Parametric test
Module :
MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance)

• Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) is an extension of


ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) that allows researchers to test the
impact of independent variables on multiple dependent variables
simultaneously. MANOVA is valuable when a study involves multiple,
related outcome variables that are likely influenced by the same
factors. By analyzing these relationships in a single analysis,
MANOVA provides a more comprehensive understanding of the
effects and interactions of variables.
Purpose of MANOVA
• Test for Differences Across Groups: Determine if there are statistically
significant differences among groups based on multiple dependent variables.

• Reduce Type I Error: Control for the increased risk of error that occurs when
multiple ANOVA tests are conducted separately.

• Analyze Interactions: Examine if independent variables interact in ways that


jointly influence the dependent variables.

• Provide Comprehensive Insight: Offer a holistic view of how a set of dependent


variables is influenced by independent variables
MANOVA Method and Process

Step 1: Define Research Questions and Hypotheses


Identify the research question(s) and hypotheses.
Consider questions involving multiple related outcomes
that may vary across groups.

• Example: “Does a new teaching method influence both


math and reading performance among students?”
Step 2: Ensure Assumptions are Met
1.Normality: The dependent variables should be normally distributed within each
group.

2.Homogeneity of Variance-Covariance Matrices: Variances of each dependent


variable and covariances between pairs of dependent variables should be similar
across groups.

3.Linearity: Relationships among dependent variables should be linear.

4.Absence of Multicollinearity: The dependent variables should be related but not


overly correlated.
5. Independent Observations: Each observation must be independent
from the others.
Step 3: Collect and Organize Data
• Gather data that includes measurements for each
dependent variable across the groups defined by the
independent variable(s).

Step 4: Conduct the MANOVA Test


Using statistical software like SPSS, R, or SAS:
• Select MANOVA as the analysis method.

• Define the dependent and independent variables in the


model.

• Run the analysis to produce multivariate test statistics


(e.g., Wilks’ Lambda) and determine if the overall model
is statistically significant
Step 5: Interpret Multivariate Test Results
1.Significance of Overall MANOVA Test: Look at the p-value associated
with the multivariate test statistic (e.g., Wilks’ Lambda). A significant p-
value (typically < 0.05) suggests that the independent variable has a
statistically significant effect on the dependent variables as a group.

2.Post Hoc Analysis: If the MANOVA is significant, conduct post hoc tests
or individual ANOVAs on each dependent variable to determine where
differences exist.

3.Effect Size: Assess effect sizes (e.g., partial eta squared) to determine the
magnitude of the impact.
Example: Health Research
Objective: Assess the effects of different exercise
programs on cardiovascular health and body
flexibility.

• Independent Variable: Exercise Program (Yoga,


Running, Weightlifting)

• Dependent Variables: Cardiovascular Fitness Score,


Flexibility Score
Method: Use MANOVA to examine if the exercise
program affects cardiovascular health and flexibility.

• Interpretation: A significant Wilks’ Lambda result


would indicate that exercise program type has a
combined effect on cardiovascular health and flexibility.
If post hoc tests reveal significant differences, this could
show, for instance, that yoga improves flexibility
significantly more than weightlifting but has similar
effects on cardiovascular health.
Advantages

Multivariate Perspective: MANOVA provides a more


holistic view by analyzing multiple dependent variables
simultaneously, giving a richer understanding of effects.

1.Reduced Type I Error: By testing multiple dependent


variables in one analysis, MANOVA reduces the risk of
Type I error that would occur with separate ANOVAs.

2.Interaction Insights: MANOVA can detect interactions


between independent and multiple dependent
variables, offering a deeper understanding of variable
relationships.
Limitations:

1.Assumption Requirements: MANOVA has strict


assumptions, such as normality, homogeneity of
variance-covariance matrices, and linear relationships,
which may be challenging to meet.

2.Complex Interpretation: Interpreting MANOVA


results, especially with multiple dependent variables,
requires careful analysis and may be complex for
beginners.

3.Sensitivity to Outliers: MANOVA is sensitive to


outliers, which can skew results and lead to misleading
conclusions.
Mann-Whitney U-Test

The Mann-Whitney U-Test can be used to test whether there is


a difference between two groups, and the data need not be
normally distributed.
To determine this difference, the rank sums of the two groups
are used rather than the means as in the t-test for independent
samples.
The Mann-Whitney U test is thus the non-parametric
counterpart to the t-test for independent samples; it is subject
to less stringent requirements than the t-test. Therefore, the
Mann-Whitney U test is always used when the requirement of
normal distribution for the t-test is not met.
• Assumptions Mann-Whitney U Tests
To be able to calculate a Mann-Whitney U test, only two
independent random samples with at least ordinally scaled
characteristics must be available. The variables do not have to
satisfy any distribution curve.
Hypotheses Mann-Whitney U-Tests
The hypotheses of the Mann-Whitney U-test are very similar to
the hypotheses of the independent t-test. The difference, however,
is that in the case of the Mann-Whitney U test, the test is based on
a difference in the central tendency, whereas in the case of the t
test, the test is based on a difference in the mean values. Thus, the
Mann-Whitney U test results in:
• Null hypothesis: There is no difference (in terms of central
tendency) between the two groups in the population.
• Alternative hypothesis: There is a difference (with respect to the
central tendency) between the two groups in the population .

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