Introduction to

Computing
Technology
Cluster Computing
 What is Cluster
Computing?
• A collection of tightly or loosely
connected computers that work
together so that they act as a
single entity.
• The connected computers
execute operations all together
thus creating the idea of a
Master single system.
• The clusters are generally
connected through fast local
area networks (LANs).
Slaves
 Cluster
Computing

High Load
Performanc High
Balancing Availability
e • •
• Use computer clusters Incoming requests are HA clusters are designed to
and supercomputers to distributed for resources maintain redundant nodes
solve advance among several nodes running that can act as backup
computational similar programs or having systems in case any failure
problems. similar content. occurs.

• Designed to take benefit • This prevents any single node • They are designed to give
of the parallel from receiving a uninterrupted data
processing power of disproportionate amount of availability to the
several nodes. task. customers.
Importance of Cluster 1. Relatively inexpensive; compared to the
Computing large-server/mainframe computer
solutions.
2. Processes services in a faster way.
3. Many organizations and IT companies
are implementing cluster computing to
augment their scalability, availability,
processing speed and resource
management at economic prices.
4. Ensures that computational power is
always available.
Architecture of Cluster • Designed with an array of interconnected
individual computers and the computer
Computing systems operating collectively as a
single standalone system.
• It is a group of workstations or
computers working together as a single,
integrated computing resource
connected via high speed interconnects.
• A node – Either a single or a
multiprocessor network having memory,
input and output functions and an
operating system.
• Two or more nodes are connected on a
single line or every node might be
connected individually through a LAN
connection.
Components of Cluster • Cluster nodes: a system of computers
that work together to perform a task.
Computing
• Cluster operating system: a system
that supports computer networking.
• The switch or node interconnect:
hardware that connects the nodes in the
cluster.
• Network switching hardware:
hardware that allows the nodes to
communicate with each other.
• Cluster middleware: software that
allows the nodes to work together.
• Applications that support task
migration: software that allows tasks to
be moved between nodes.
Components of Cluster
Computing
 Advantages of Cluster
Computing
• High Performance
• Better Performance than Mainframe Computers
• Easy to manage
• Easy to implement and manage
• Scalable
• Resources can be added/removed as per requirements
• Availability
• Even if a node fails, other nodes will be there to continue the work and a proxy node will be
assigned in order to not interrupt our task
 Disadvantages of Cluster
Computing
• High Cost
• So many computers/servers
• High Space Requirement
• High Physical Space is require in order to store and manage all the stuff
• Increased Power Consumption
• So many computers require more power to operate
• High Dependency on Head Node
• If Head Node goes down, entire cluster goes down
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Grid Computing
 • It can be defined as a network of
What is Grid computers working together to perform a
task that would rather be difficult for a
Computing? single machine.
• All machines on that network work under
the same protocol to act as a virtual
supercomputer.
• A subset of distributed computing, where a
virtual supercomputer comprises machines
on a network connected by some bus,
mostly Ethernet or sometimes the Internet.
• A form of Parallel Computing where instead
of many CPU cores on a single machine, it
contains multiple cores spread across
various locations.
• The concept of grid computing isn’t new,
but it is not yet perfected as there are no
standard rules and protocols established
and accepted by people.
 • Control Node: A computer, usually a server or a
group of servers which administrates the whole
Working of Grid network and keeps the account of the resources in
the network pool.
Computing
• Provider: The computer contributes its resources
to the network resource pool.
• User: The computer that uses the resources on
the network.
• When a computer makes a request for resources
to the control node, the control node gives the
user access to the resources available on the
network.
• Hence a normal computer on the node can swing
in between being a user or a provider based on its
needs.
• The nodes may consist of machines with similar
platforms using the same OS called homogeneous
networks, else machines with different platforms
running on various different OSs called
heterogeneous networks. This is the distinguishing
part of grid computing from other distributed
computing architectures.
 Middleware in Grid Computing

• For controlling the network and its resources a software/networking

protocol is used generally known as Middleware.
• This is responsible for administrating the network and the control
nodes are merely its executors.
• Another job of the middleware is to authorize any process that is being
executed on the network. In a grid computing system, a provider gives
permission to the user to run anything on its computer, hence it is a
huge security threat to the network. Hence a middleware should
ensure that there is no unwanted task being executed on the network.
 Advantages of Grid Computing
• Not Centralized
• It is not centralized, as there are no servers required, except the control node which
is just used for controlling and not for processing.
• Multi-OS Compatibility
• Multiple heterogeneous machines i.e. machines with different Operating Systems
can use a single grid computing network.
• Cost-Effective
• We don’t need to set up huge rooms filled with a lot of computers and servers and
other hardware.
 Disadvantages of Grid
Computing

• Resource Sharing Difficulties

• Licensing across many servers may make it prohibitive for some applications.
• Many groups are reluctant with sharing resources.

• High Dependency on Control Node

• Trouble in the control node can come to halt in the whole network.
 Applications of Grid Computing

• Modeling financial risks, seismic activity, weather patterns, or human

genome
• Reducing the cost of resource-intensive engineering applications
• Analyzing massive amounts of data generated from scientific
experiments
• Supporting pervasive computing and intelligent devices
• Enabling scientific research collaboration and e-Science
• Providing commercial applications and services
 Difference between Grid and
Cluster Computing
Cluster Computing Grid Computing
Homogeneity of nodes is Homogeneity of nodes isn’t
necessary necessary
Computers in a grid contribute
Computers in a cluster are
their unused processing
dedicated to the same work and
resources to the grid computing
perform no other task.
network.
Computers are located close to Computers may be located at a
each other. huge distance from one another.
Computers are connected by a
Computers are connected using a
 Difference between Grid and
Cluster Computing
Cluster Computing Grid Computing
Computers are connected in a
Computers are connected in a
distributed or de-centralized
centralized network topology.
network topology.
Scheduling is controlled by a It may have servers, but mostly
central server. each node behaves independently.
System has a centralized Every node manages resources
resource manager. (Centralized on its own. (Distributed Resource
Resource Management) Management)
Whole system functions as a Every node is autonomous, and
Cloud Computing
What is Cloud
Computing? • cloud computing is the delivery
of computing services -
including servers, storage,
databases, networking,
software, analytics, and
intelligence - over the
Internet.

• You typically pay only for cloud

services you use, helping you
lower your operating costs, run
your infrastructure more
efficiently, and scale as your
business needs change.
Roles in Cloud • Cloud Infrastructure
Computing Providers – The ones who own
and manage the network
infrastructure and resources
including hardware and system
software
• Cloud Service Providers –
The ones who offer cloud
services such as on-demand
computing, utility computing,
data processing, software
services, storage, development
platforms etc.
• Cloud Consumers – The ones
who use the cloud services in
order for their work.
Roles in Cloud
Computing • Cloud Auditor – The ones who conduct
independent assessment of cloud services
and manage the security, performance
audits.
• Cloud Broker – The ones who negotiate
relationships between Cloud Providers and
Cloud Consumers. They play the advisory
role especially for consumers who have a
hybrid mix of resources from multiple
providers.
• Cloud Carrier - The intermediary ones who
provide connectivity and transport of cloud
services from Cloud Providers to Cloud
Consumers. Most ISPs have taken the role of
cloud carriers as they provide the requisite
bandwidth needed to connect consumers
with providers as well as capabilities that
support the connectivity.
 On
Human administrators not required,
Deman user themselves are able to provision,
d Self monitor and manage computing
Cloud computing Service resources as needed.
providers can s Broad
Multi The Computing
support multiple Networ
tenants (users or Tenacit services are generally
k provided over
organizations) on a y
Access standard networks
single set of shared
Cloud and heterogeneous
resources. Computing devices.
Characterist
The resource ics
utilization is
tracked for each Measur Rapid
application and Quick Scaling as per
ed Elastici the user requirement.
occupant, it will
provide both the
Service ty
user and the Resour
resource provider ce
with Multiple
an account of are provided
clients
whatservice
has been
Pooling
from a same physical
used.resource.
 Cloud computing providers use
virtualization technology to abstract
Virtualizati underlying hardware resources and
on present them as logical resources to
Cloud providers are
increasingly focused users.
on sustainable Cloud computing
Resilient
practices, such as Sustainab services are typically
Computin
energy-efficient data ility designed with
g
centers and the use redundancy and
of renewable energy Cloud fault tolerance in
sources, to reduce Computing mind, which ensures
Characterist high availability and
their environmental ics
Cloud computing
impact. reliability.
services are often Cloud providers
highly automated, Flexible
Automati offer a variety of
allowing users to Pricing
on pricing models,
Models
deploy and manage including pay-per-
resources with use, subscription-
minimal manual Securit based, and spot
Cloud providers invest heavily in
intervention. y pricing, allowing
security measures to protect their
users to choose the
users’ data and ensure the privacy
option that best
 Cloud Delivery Models
SaaS
• Software-as-a-service (SaaS)
presents a comprehensive product
• Features and benefits
that is run and administered by a • On-demand service
cloud service provider/vendor.
• Independent platform
• SaaS is a service in the cloud, • Multi-tenant model
extending an entire software suite in
pay-per-use form.
• Single-sign on
• Subscription-based billing
• It is made accessible to the • Best for remote
consumers via a ubiquitous network,
i. e. the internet.
collaboration
 Cloud Delivery Models
PaaS
• In Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) • Features and benefits
model, the vendor assists companies
with middleware, database • Rapid product development
management systems, OS, web
servers and development tools. • Web-based user interface
• Multi-tenant architecture
• All of these encapsulate a remote • Third-party integration
environment where users can build,
compile and run their software • Extensive pre-coded apps
products without requiring any in-
house hardware/software.
• Supports mobile workforce
 Cloud Delivery Models
IaaS
• Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) is one
of the most pliable cloud computing
• Features and benefits
service models which presents the
required infrastructure and all the
• Dynamic scaling
computing resources to users in an
entirely remote environment.
• Automated operations
• IaaS is a highly expandable and lucrative • Virtual server space
service as outsourcing data centers,
cloud components and servers annihilate • GUI and API-based
the necessity for establishing an in-house
infrastructure.
access
• This service model can aid you to upscale • Pay-as-per-use model
and downscale your infra service on-
demand. • Platform virtualization
 Cloud Delivery Models
UCaaS
• UnifiedCommunications-as-a-service (UCaaS) • Features and benefits
presents communications continuity and
remote collaboration services to users, • Centralized management
worldwide, via the cloud network.
• Improved response time
• Voice/VoIP (Voice over Internet
• Moreover, this service model provides
Protocol) technology
advanced security and reliability, enabling the
remote workforce to work seamlessly in a • Audio/video conferencing
secure, virtualized cloud environment.
• Supports BYOD (Bring Your Own
Device)
• UCaaS platform not only empowers the
mobile workforce to connect and collaborate • Advanced security
over phone/video calls but also enables them • Instant connectivity across devices
to share files, documents or resources via the
cloud infrastructure for streamlined
 Cloud Delivery
Models

Unified
Infrastructure
Software as a Platform as a Communicatio
as a Service
Service (SaaS) Service (PaaS) ns as a Service
(IaaS)
(UCaaS)
Cloud Delivery Models
Examples
Cloud Delivery Models
Cloud Deployment Models
Cloud Deployment Models
Public
• Advantages
• Minimal/Zero Investment.
• No Setup Cost
• No Infrastructure Management
Required
• No Maintenance Required
• Dynamic Scalability
• Disadvantages
• Less Secure
• Low Customization
Cloud Deployment Models
Private
• Advantages
• Full Control
• Security
• Privacy
• Customization
• Disadvantages
• Costly
Cloud Deployment Models
Community
• Advantages
• Cost Effective
• Security
• Shared Resources
• Collaboration and Data Sharing
• Disadvantages
• Rigid in Customization
• Less Scalable
Cloud Deployment Models
Hybrid
• Advantages
• Flexibility
• Control
• Lesser Cost
• Security
• Disadvantages
• Difficult to manage
• Latency in Data Transmission
 Cloud Deployment Models
Community
Public Cloud Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud
Cloud

Complex, requires Complex, requires Complex, requires

Initial Setup Easy a professional team a professional team a professional team
to setup to setup to setup

Scalability and
High High Fixed High
Flexibility

Distributed cost Between public and

Cost-Comparison Cost-Effective Costly
among members private cloud

Reliability Low High High High

Data Security Low High High High

Data Privacy Low High High High

 Desired Features of a Cloud
• Self-Service
• Per Usage Meter and Billing
• Elasticity
• Low Cost
• Customization
 Backup-
Restore
Data Virtuall
Data y
Securit Unlimit
y ed
Storage

Cloud Improved
Mobility Computing
Collaborati
Advantages on

Low Excellent
Maintena Accessibil
nce Cost ity

Pay Per
Use
 Heavy
Reliance
on
Internet
Connectiv
ity

Cloud
Computing Vendor (Difficult to migrate
Security
Disadvantage Lock-in from one vendor to
s another)

Limited
Control
 Applications of Cloud Computing

• Storage • Education
• Backup – Recovery • E – Governance
• Big Data • Medical Applications
• Development and Testing • Entertainment
• E - Commerce Applications
• Military Applications
 Data
Privacy
and
Security

Lack of Cost and

Knowledg Resource
e and Managem
Expertise ent
Cloud
Computing
Challenges

High Difficult to
Dependen manage
ce on Multi-
Network Clouds
 Risks of Cloud Computing
• Unauthorized Access to Data • Lack of Control
• Your data is in the hands of the cloud service provider, • when you use a cloud service provider, the vendor is in
he can do whatever he likes with it (Example – control. You have no guarantee that the features you use
Facebook users’ data was shared with some other today will be provided for the same price tomorrow. The
organizations) vendor can double its price, and if your clients are
depending on that service, then you might be forced to
• Security Risks at the Vendor pay.
• Compliance and Legal Risks • Also, who controls access to your data in a cloud
• If a company outsources the processing or storage of service? What happens if you are not able to make
payment?
data that it is required to protect, then it is relying on a
cloud service provider to maintain their compliance. • If you get behind on your bill, then you may be surprised
to find your data is held hostage by the vendor.
• If the company does not have adequate legal
protections, then it may be liable when there is a data
breach at the cloud service that exposes the company’s
data. • Availability
• In other words, unless you are protected in writing, • When you rely on a cloud service, then you are putting
then a cloud service provider might not be liable for a the availability of your business in the hands of two
breach of your data on its systems. services: the cloud vendor and your ISP.