MATA GUJRI COLLEGE

FATEHGARH SAHIB
ASSIGNMENT WORK
(INORGANIC CHEMISTRY)

SUBMITTED BY :- JASMEEN
KAUR CLASS :- BSC.HONS
CHEMISTRY-II ROLL NO :-
246673
SUBMITTED TO :- MANPREET
KAUR
 WHAT IS TRANSITION
ELEMENTS

• IT MAY BE BROADLY DEFINED AS THOSE WHICH AS ELEMENTS OR AS IONS HAVE

PARTLY FILLED D OR S SUBHSHELLS .
• THE D BLOCK ELEMENTS CONSIST OF THREE ROWS CALLED FIRST,SECOND AND
THIRD TRANSACTION SERIES.
• TRANSITION METALS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE ARE LOCATED IN THE D-BLOCK, WHICH
COMPRISES GROUPS 3 TO 12. THESE ELEMENTS, ALSO KNOWN AS D-BLOCK
ELEMENTS, ARE CHARACTERIZED BY HAVING PARTIALLY FILLED D ORBITALS AND
OFTEN EXHIBIT SIMILAR PROPERTIES, INCLUDING MULTIPLE OXIDATION STATES AND
THE ABILITY TO FORM COLORFUL COMPOUNDS.
4 D SERIES OR SECOND TRANSITION
SERIES
• IN Y,4 D SUBSHELL BEGINS FILLING UP AND ITS OUTER ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
IS 4 D¹5 S². ASHA CONTINUES THE 4 D SUBSHELL HAS NOW THE MAXIMUM
PERMISSIBLE NO. OF 10 ELECTRONS, THE OUTER CELL CONFIGURATION OF CD IS 4
D¹⁰5S².
• THIS DEFINITION BASED THE NO OF ELECTRONS IN THE 4 D SUBSHELL EXCLUDES CD
FROM 2ND TRANSITION SERIES.
• NB,RU,RH AND PB ANOMALOUS CONFIGURATION SUFFICE TO SAY THAT NUCLEAR
ELECTRON OR ELECTRON-ELECTRON INTERACTIONS PLAYS SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN
DETERMINING THESE CONFIGURATIONS.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION OF TRANSITION SERIES:-
• IN MULTI-ELECTRON ATOMS THERE ARE NO. OF ELECTRONS. SOME OF THESE
OCCUPYING LOWER ENERGY ORBITALS, TEND TO REDUCE THE EFFECT OF THE
NUCLEAR CHARGE ON ELECTRONS PRESENT IN HIGHER ENERGY ORBITALS . THIS IS
KNOWN AS SCREENING EFFECT DECREASES . THE REDUCED CHARGE FELT BY
• THE VALUE OF ZEFF OF AN ELECTRON DEPENDS UPON THE EXTENT TO
WHICH ORBITAL PENETRATES THE CORE ELECTRON CLOUD AROUND
NUCLEUS . THE EXTENT OF PENETRATION OF DIFFERENT ORBITALS
IN GIVEN PRINCIPAL SHELL IS :
• S>P>D>F
• THE MORE THE PENETRATION POWER OF AN ORBITAL , THE CLOSER ITS
ELECTRONS CAN GET TO THE NUCLEUS AND HIGHER THE VALUE OF
ZEFF.
• ELECTIONIC CONFIGURATION OF IONS :-
• THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRANSITION METAL
CATIONS ARE GOVERNED BY THE NO . OF ELECTRONS IN D ORBITALS SO
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF IONS NEEDS TO BE STUDIED. THE
TRANSITION ELEMENTS SHOW A LARGE NUMBER OF OXIDATION STATES
WHICH ARE GENERALLY CATIONIC SPECIES FORMED FROM THE
NEUTRAL ATOM BY REMOVAL OF ONE OR MORE VALENCE ELECTRON .
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF D-
BLOCK ELEMENTS
1. METALLIC CHARACTER:- THE NO. OF ELECTRONS IN THE OUTERMOST
SHELL IS VERY SMALL BEING 1 OR 2 WHICH CAN BE READILY LOST.
• GOOD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT AND ELECTRICITY DUE TO METALLIC BONDS
BETWEEN ATOMS .
• HARD AND BRITTLE . MERCURY IS AN EXCEPTION. HARDNESS AND BRITTLENESS
ARE ASSOCIATED WITH COVALENT BOND BETWEEN THE METAL ATOMS.
OVERLAPPING OF UNFILLED D ORBITALS OF METAL ATOMS CAUSES METALLIC BOND
AND VALENCE S ELECTRON CAUSE METALLIC BONDS . EXAMPLE CU AND AU AND
AG .
2. MOLAR VOLUMES AND DENSITIES :- AS THE INNER ORBITALS GET FILLED,
THE INCREASE . NUCLEAR CHARGE PULLS THE ELECTRON INWARD .THE
DECREASE IN MOLAR VOLUME,THERE IS CORRESPONDING INCREASE IN DENSITY .
DENSITIES OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS ARE QUITE HIGH . MOST OF THESE ELEMENTS
HAVE DENSITIES GREATER THAN 5 G CM-³. FOR EXAMPLE SC(3.01) , TI(4.15).
3. ATOMIC RADII:- TRANSITION ELEMENTS OF A GIVEN SERIES ARE SEEN
TO DECREASE GENERALLY, WITH INCREASE IN THE ATOMIC NUMBER ,
INCREASE IN THE NUCLEAR CHARGE WOULD TEND TO ATTRACT THE ELECTRON
CHARGE COULD INWARD.
• RADII OF ELEMENT FROM CR TO CU ARE VERY CLOSE TO ONE ANOTHER .THIS IS
DUE TO FACTORS THAT THE ADDITION OF D ELECTRONS SCREENS THE OUTER
ELECTRONS FROM THE INWARD PULL OF THE NUCLEUS . FORCE OF REPULSION
WOULD BE INCREASED AND ARE MORE ATTRACTIVE FORCES DUE TO INCREASED
NUCLEAR CHANGES .
• ATOMIC VOLUME INCREASES AND DENSITY DECREASES .

4. IONIC RADII:- IT IS SEEN THAT FOR 1 ST TRANSITION ELEMENTS FOR IONS

OF VALENCE CHARGE THE RADIUS DECREASES SLOWLY WITH INCREASE IN
THE ATOMIC NUMBER . THE RADII OF DOUBLY CHARGED IONS SMALL ARE
COMPARABLE THE RADIUS OF CA²+ ION. THEIR OXIDES ARE LESS SOLUBLE
IN WATER .
• THE IONIC RADII OF THE TRANSITION ELEMENTS ARE SMALLER THAN THOSE OF
5. MELTING POINTS AND BOILING POINTS :- THE M.P AND B.P OF TRANSITION METALS ARE
GENERALLY VERY HIGH ARE ABOVE 900°C (EXCEPT CD AND HG ). THIS TEMP. IS VERY HIGH AS
COMPARED TO S BLOCK ELEMENTS.
• THE D ORBITALS IN EACH CASE WHICH HAVE COMPLETELY FILLED SETS CONTAIN MAXIMUM OF 10 ELECTRONS
THEREFORE BE NO COVALENT BONDING AMONGST THE ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS. THE COVALENT BONDING
WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE HIGH M.P AND B.P CAN OCCUR IN REST OF D BLOCK ELEMENTS.

6. IONISATION ENERGIES :- ATOMS ARE SMALL IN SIZE, THEIR IONISATION ENERGIES ARE
ARE FAIRLY HIGH . THIS INDICATES THAT ELEMENTS ARE LESS ELCTROPOSITIVE THAN THE ELEMENTS
OF GROUP 1 AND 2 .
• TRANSITION ELEMENTS DO FORM IONIC COMPOUNDS, ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS DO. TRANSITION
ELEMENTS HAVE TENDENCY TO FORM COVALENT COMPOUNDS AS WELL UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS.
• ALONG PERIOD IONISATION ENERGIES GENERALLY EXPECTED INCREASE WITH INCREASE IN THE ATOMIC
NUMBER . DUE TO EFFECT OF NUCLEAR CHARGE WHICH WOULD TEND TO PULL THE OUTER ELECTRONS
CHARGE CLOUD INWARD WITH INCREASING FORCE .
• 2ND I.E INCREASE MORE OR LESS WITH ATOMIC NUMBER 3 D HALF FILLED SUBSHELLED HIGHLY STABLE.2 D I.E F
CR INVOLVE THE REMOVAL OF ONE OF D ELECTRONS . SIMILARLY 2 I.E OF CU REMOVAL OF 1 ELECTRON FULLY
FILLED 3 D SUBSHELL WHICH IS ALSO HIGH STABLE .
7. REACTIVITY :- THE ATOMS OF TRANSITION
SERIES ARE RATHER SMALL AND THEIR I.E
ARE FAIRLY HIGH , EXISTENCE OF
COVALENT BONDING HAVE HIGH HEAT OF
SUBLIMATION, REQUIRE LARGE AMOUNT
OF ENERGY TO CHANGE THEM FROM SOLID
TO VAPOUR STATE BECAUSE THEIR LOW
+VE CHARGE DENSITY AND DO NOT GET
HYDRATED EASILY .
• THEREFORE TRANSITION ELEMENTS HAVE
SMALL TENDENCY TO REACT. THEY HAVE
RATHER A TENDENCY TO REMAIN UNREACTIVE
OR NOBLE .

8. OXIDATION STATE :- TRANSITION ELEMT

SHOW A LARGE NO OF OXIDATION STATE
WHICH ARE RELATED TO THEIR ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION FOR EXAMPLE SC HAVE +2 IN
9. STANDARD ELECTRODE POTENTIAL:- STANDARD ELECTRODE POTENTIAL OF A
TRANSITION ELEMENT IS GENERALLY NEGATIVE COMPARED TO POTENTIAL OF THE
STANDARD HYDROGEN ELECTRODE (ZERO).
• METALS REACT WITH ACIDS VERY LOW SOME GET PROTECTED FROM THE ATTACK OF ACIDS .
• M + 2H+(AQ)  M²+(AQ) + H2 GAS

10. REDUCING PROPERTIES :- ALL D BLOCK ELEMENTS EXCEPT CU , HAVE STANDARD

ELECTRODE POTENTIALS CONSIDERABLY MORE NEGATIVE THAT OF THE SHE (0) .
• THEREFORE BE GOOD REDUCING AGENTS. THEY ARE NOT GOOD REDUCING AGENTS AS THE
METALS GROUP .THE REDUCING CAPACITY OF A METAL DEPENDS ON ITS TENDENCY TO
CHANGE INTO AQUATED IONS .
• HIGH HEAT OF VAPORIZATION AND HIGH I.E AND LOW HEAT OF HYDRATION OF THEIR IONS,
TRANSITION METALS DO NOT GET CONVERTED INTO THEIR (AA) STATE EASILY .
• . M  M²+(AQ). + 2 E-

11. COLOUR :- TRANSITION METALS ARE COLOURED IN THE SOLID OR IN SOLUTION

STATES . COLOUR OF SUBSTANCE ARISES INVARIABLY FROM THE PROPERTY OF
SUBSTANCE TO ABSORB LIGHT OF CERTAIN WAVELENGTH IN THE REGION OF VISIBLE
LIGHT . IF SUBSTANCE ABSORB WAVE LENGTH CORRESPONDS TO SAY RED LIGHT , THE
TRANSMIT LIGHT WOULD BE BLUE COLOUR IN PARTICULAR .
TRANSITION METALS HAVE COMPLETELY FILLED D ORBITALS ARE COLOURLESS . THERE ARE NO
VACANT SPACE FOR TYPE OF EXCITATION OF ELECTRON .
12. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES :- SUBSTANCE ARE EITHER PARAMAGNETIC OR
DIAMAGNETIC.
• PARAMAGNETIC:- IS ONE WHICH IS ATTRACTED INTO A MAGNETIC FIELD .
• IT ARISES FROM THE PRESENCE OF UNPAIRED ELECTRONS IN ATOM , IONS , COMPLEX
IONS OR MOLECULES .AN ELECTRIC CHARGE CREATE A MAGNETIC FIELD . MOTION OF AN
ELECTRON , A CHARGED PARTICLE, CREATES A MAGNETIC FIELD. MICROMAGNET HAVING
A CERTAIN VALUE OF MAGNETIC MOMENT .
• IF THE ATOMIC OF SUBSTANCE CONTAIN ONE OR MORE UNPAIRED ELECTRONS , THE
EFFECT ARE NOT MUTUALLY COMPENSATED .
• DIAMAGNETIC :- ONE OF WHICH IS REPELLED BY A MAGNETIC FIELD .
• SUBSTANCE IN WHICH ELECTRONS IN THEIR ATOMS ARE COMPLETELY PAIRED , THE
EFFECT OF INDIVIDUAL ELECTRONS ARE MUTUALLY COMPENSATED . THEREFORE DO
NOT SHOW PARAMAGNETIC BEHAVIOUR. INFRACT THEY SHOW DIAMAGNETIC BEHAVIOUR
WHEN PLACE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD .
• THE MAGNETIC MOMENT OF AN ELECTRON IS PARTLY DUE TO ITS SPIN MOTION AND
PARTLY DUE TO ITS ORBITAL MOTION . THE EFFECTIVE MAGNETIC MOMENT OF A
SUBSTANCE CONTAINING AN UNPAIRED ELECTRON.
• MUCH MORE PARAMAGNETIC THAN THE REST OF ELEMENTS AND ARE SAID FERROMAGNETIC.
• PARAMAGNETIC IONS IN MAGNETICALLY CONC. SUBSTANCE IN THE GROUND STATE GET ALIGNED IN
SAME DIRECTION THIS PHENOMENON IS CALLED FERROMAGNETISM. IF ALL THE PARAMAGNETIC
IONS IN THE MAGNETICALLY CONC. SUBSTANCE IN GROUND STATE ARE PAIRED UP . THIS IS CALLED
ANTIFERROMAGNETISM .
13. CATALYTIC PROPERTIES:- MOST OF
TRANSITION METALS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS
HAVE GOOD CATALYTIC PROPERTIES.
• PLATINUM:- IS GENERAL CATALYST AND IS

USE PARTICULARLY IN CONTACT PROCESS .

• VANADIUM PENTOXIDE :- GOOD CATALYST , IN CONTACT PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURE OF H2
SO4 .
• IRON :- CATALYSES THE COMBINATION OF N AND H IN HABER PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURE
AMMONIA .
• NICKEL :- GOOD CATALYST IN HYDROGENATION PROCESS .
• MNO2 :- ACT AS CALATLYST IN DECOMPOSITION OF H2O2 SOLN .
14. TENDENCY TO FORM COMPLEXES :- THE TRANSITION METALS ARE ALMOST UNIQUE IN
THEIR TENDENCY TO FORM COORDINATION COMPLEXES . TENDENCY OF CATIONS OF
TRANSITION ELEMENTS TO FORM COMPLEXES IS DUE TO TWO FACTORS.
• THE IONS ARE VERY SMALL IN SIZE , HAVE HIGH POSITIVE CHARGE DENSITY . THIS FACILITIES
ACCEPTANCE OF LONE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS FROM OTHER MOLECULES .
• THEY HAVE VACANT ORBITALS AND THSES ORBITALS HAVE THE RIGHT TYPE OF ENERGY TO ACCEPT
LONE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS.

15. FORMATION OF INTERSTITIAL COMPOUNDS :- TRANSITION ELEMENTS FORM

INTERSTITIAL COMPOUNDS WITH SMALL ATOMS OF NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS SUCH AS H,BR
,C AND N
• VACANT SPACES OF TRANSITION METAL ATOMS LATTICES GET FILLED UP WITH SMALL ATOMS. DUE
TO FILLING UP OF INTERSTITIAL SPACES, TRANSITION METALS BECOME RIGID AND HARD . DENSITY ,
HARDNESS AND CONDUCTIVITY OF THE SO FORMED INTERSTITIAL COMPOUNDS ARE DIFFERENT
THAN THE PARENT TRANSITION METALS . DIFFERENCE IN THEIR C AND PH CONTENTS.

16. ALLOY FORMATION :- IT TAKES PLACE DUE TO QUITE SIMILAR SIZE OF TRANSITION METALS
.ONE METAL CAN SUBSTITUTE THE ATOMS OF OTHER METALS IN THEIR CRYSTAL LATTICE .
SOLID ARE PRODUCE ON COOLING A MIXTURE OF 2 OR MORE TRANSITION METALS .
• ALLOYS HAVE IMPROVED TENSILE STRENGTH, MORE RESISTANCE TOWARDS CORROSION.
 CHEMISTRY OF
VANADIUM :-
1. OCCURRENCE :- VANADIUM IS WIDELY DISTRIBUTED BUT IT’S CONCENTRATION IN THE DEPOSITS IS VERY SMALL .
ABUNDANCE IS ABOUT 0.02 % MASS OF EARTH’S CRUST .
• NINETY MINERALS CONTAINING VANADIUM ARE KNOWN BUT CONCENTRATED DEPOSITS ARE VERY FEW AND ITS EXTRACTION IS NOT
VERY ECONOMICAL.

2. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:- THE PURE METAL IS SILVERY-GREY IN COLOUR . IT MELTS AT 1900°C .THE M.P RISES ON
ADDITION OF CARBON . IT IS HARD AND CORROSION RESISTANT .
3. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:-
1. ACTION OF ACIDS :- IT IS UNREACTIVE TOWARDS MINERAL ACIDS AT ORDINARY TEMPS. IT DISSOLVES IN HOT NITRIC ACID,
CONC. H2SO4 TO FORM HVO3. IT ALSO ATTACKED BY HYDROFLUORIC ACID .
V + 5 HNO3  2H2O+5NO2 +HVO3
2. ACTION OF ALKALIES :-
2 V + 6 NAOH + 2 H20  2 NA3 VO4 + 5 H2O
3. COMBINATION WITH NON – METALS :- 4V + 5O2  2V2O5
• IT COMBINES WITH NITROGEN AT HIGH TEMP YIELDING VANADIUM NITRIDE . WHICH IS AN INTERSTITIAL COMPOUND. IT’S ALSO FORM
V2S3 BY PASSING CS2 OVER V2O5.
• IT COMBINES WITH HALOGENS ON HEATING GIVING COMPOUNDS LIKE VF5, VCL4,VBR3, THESE ARE COVALENT VOLATILE
COMPOUNDS AND GET EASILY HYDROLYSED BY WATER .
• IT REACT WITH C AT HIGH TEMP TO FORM CARBIDES , VC AND VC2.
• IT ALSO FORMS NON- STOICHIOMETRIC HYDRIDE OF THE FORMULA .

• USES :- IN STEEL INDUSTRY WHERE IT IS USED IN THE FIRM OF FERRO-VANADIUM ALLOY FOR MAKING SPECIAL STEELS .ONLY
0.1 TO 0.2 % OF THIS ALLOY IS NEEDED.
1. IT ACT AS A SCAVENGER FOR OXYGEN AND NITROGEN AND MAKE STEEL STRONGER , TOUGHER AND SHOCK RESISTANCE.
2. IT ALSO MAKES THE STEEL MORE DUCTILE AND RAISE ITS TENSILE STRENGTH .
• STEEL CONTAINING CR AND V IS USED IN MAKING PARTS FOR MOTOR VEHICLE .
• ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION AND OXIDATION STATE :- OUTER
CONFIGURATION OF V IS 3D³4S².IT SHOWS OXIDATION STATE OF +2 ,+3 ,+4
AND +5 .THE COMPOUNDS IN LOWER OXIDATION STATE ARE GOOD
REDUCING AGENTS. THEY ARE ALSO IONIC IN CHARACTER AND ACCOUNT OF
INCOMPLETE ELECTRON SHELLS , THEY ARE ALSO COLOURED .
• IN +5 OXIDATION STATE , THE D SUBSHELL IS COMPLETELY EMPTY.TO THIS STATE
V IS GENERALLY COLOURLESS .
• +5 COLOURLESS AND IT REDUCE WITH ZINC AND IT FIRST TURN BLUE , THEN
GREEN AND FINALLY BLUE CORRESPONDING TO +4 , +3 AND +2 .
 COMPOUNDS OF
VANADIUM:-
• COMPOUNDS OF VANADIUM (II) :- OXIDATION STATE IS +2 .
• VANADIUM (II) OXIDE VO :- V2O5 +3H2  2VO +3H2O. ( AT
2000°C )
• IT IS BLACKISH SOLID WITH METALLIC LUSTRE IT HAS NACL TYPE STRUCTURE
WITH CONSIDERABLE DEGREE OF EFFECTS . VO CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY. IT IS
SOLUBLE IN WATER .
• VANADIUM (II) CHLORIDE VCL2:- IT FORMS BRIGHT GREEN LUSTORUS . IT IS
SOLUBLE IN WATER .IT IS STRONG REDUCING AGENT . THE VIOLET SOLN SOON
TURN GREEN BECAUSE OF ITS +3 STATE .
• VCL4+H2 VCL2 + 2 HCL
• 2 VCL2+ H2  2VOCL + 2 HCL +H2

• COMPOUNDS OF VANADIUM (III) :- 2VCL4+ H2  2 VCL3 + 2

HCL
• VANADIUM TRIIODIDE VI3:- THERMALLY LESS STABLE
• 2 VI3  VI2 +VI4
• COMPOUNDS OF VANADIUM (IV) :- +4 IS MOST STABLE OXIDATION STATE OF V .
• VANADIUM (IV) OXIDE VO2:- FORMED BY REDUCTION OF VANADIUM PENTOXIDE .
• VO2 + 2HCL  VOCL2 +H2O (VANADYL CHLORIDE )
• VO2 + 4 HCL  VCL4 (VANADIUM CHLORIDE ) + 2 H2O
• VANDAIUM (IV) HALIDES :- V + 2 CL2 VCL4 AT 180°C
• VANADIUM (IV) OXODICHLORIDE (VANADYL CHLORIDE ) VOCL2 :-
• PREPARATION. :- IT IS OBTAINED BY THE HYDROLYSIS OF VC14.
• . VCL4 + H2O. . VOCL2 + 2HCI
• IT CAN ALSO BE PREPARED BY THE ACTION OF HCL ON V2O5.
• V205 + 6HCI →2VOCL2 + 3H2O + CL2
• PURE COMPOUND IS PREPARED BY HEATING VOCL3 WITH METALLIC ZINC IN A SEALED TUBE
• . . 2VOCL3 + ZN → 2VOCL2 + ZNCL2
• THE COMPOUND, SO PREPARED, IS OBTAINED AS GRASSY GREEN CRYSTALS.
• PROPERTIES:- 1. VOCI, IS HYDROLYSED TO YELLOW BROWN VO(OH)2 ON REACTION WITH DILUTE
SODIUM CARBONATE SOLUTION
• . NA2CO3(AQ) VOCL2 + 2H2O(AQ) → VO(OH)2(AQ) + 2HCL
2. VANADATES ARE OBTAINED ON ITS REACTION WITH STRONG ALKALIS
VOCI₂ + 4NAOH → NA2VO3 + 2NACL + 2H2O
• USES: VANADYL CHLORIDE IS USED COMMERCIALLY IN DYEING. IT IS A STRONG REDUCING AGENT.
• COMPOUNDS OF VANADIUM (V) :- FEW STABLE COMPOUND (+5)
• VANADIUM(V) OXIDE V2O5:- 2NH4VO3 V2O5+2NH3 + H2O
• VANADIUM PENTOXIDE IS ALSO FORM AS A BRICK RED PRECIPITATE.IT IS ALSO
PREPARED BY HEATING METAL IN OXYGEN . IT MELTS AT ABOUT 650°C AND
INSOLUBLE IN WATER .
• V2O5+6HCL  2VOCL2 +3H2O +CL2
• V2O5+ 10 HCL  2 VCL5 +5H2O
• VANADIUM (V) FLUORIDE :-
• 2V + 5F2  2VF5. AT 300°C
2VF4  VF5 +VF3. AT 600°C /
NITROGEN
2 VF5  2 VOF3 +2F

• VANADIUM (V) OXOHALIDES . VANADIUM

OXODICHLORIDE,VOCL3 :-
• 2 V2O3+6X2  4 VOX3 +O2
•
• V2O5+3C +3 CL2  2 VOCL3 +3 CO
• VANADIUM OXOTRIFLUORIDE , VOF3 :-
VOCL3 +3HF  VOF3 + 3 HCL

VOCL3 +2H2O  HVO3 + 3 HCL