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4. Bacteria

The document provides an overview of bacteria, detailing their primitive cellular structure, shapes, and types, including cocci, bacilli, and spirilli. It discusses bacterial cell structures such as appendages, surface layers, and cell walls, as well as their reproduction methods and growth characteristics. Additionally, it categorizes bacteria based on their temperature and pH preferences, and highlights the importance of bacteria in diagnosing diseases and evaluating food safety.

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jasmine murillo
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5 views

4. Bacteria

The document provides an overview of bacteria, detailing their primitive cellular structure, shapes, and types, including cocci, bacilli, and spirilli. It discusses bacterial cell structures such as appendages, surface layers, and cell walls, as well as their reproduction methods and growth characteristics. Additionally, it categorizes bacteria based on their temperature and pH preferences, and highlights the importance of bacteria in diagnosing diseases and evaluating food safety.

Uploaded by

jasmine murillo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bacteria

• Primitive cellular organism


• Utilize energy from iron, sulfur, nitrogen
• Size: 0.15 micron in diameter
1.5 micron in length
Bacterial Shape
• Cocci- spherical or ellipsoidal
single
pairs
long chains or bead
cubes
irregular cluster
cuboid packets of 8
• Bacilli-rod shape cylindrical
round ended (clubbed)
square ended ( flat )
even (sharp ended)
* Arrangement: single, pairs, chain
• Spirilli- spiral shape
vibrios
spirilla
spirochetes
Bacterial Cell Structure
1. Appendages
a. Flagella
b. Pili/ Fimbriae
2. Surface Layer
a. Capsule/ Slime layer
b. Cell Wall
3. Plasma Membrane
4. Cytoplasm or cell sap
5. Spore- special structure
Flagella
• Long, thread like
• With longitudinal protein fiber ( FLAGELLIN)
that push or pull the cell.
Types of Flagellum
• Peritrichous-flagella in all portion of bacteria
• Polar-flagella at one end of the pole of
bacterial cell
1. Monotricous- one pole
2. Lophotricous- several on one pole
3. Amphitricous- each end of pole
4. Atricous- none
Vibrio cholerae
E. coli

Salmonella typhi
Motility and Direction of Rotation
Counter Clockwise- travel in straight line

Clockwise- direction is at random.


Surface Layer
Outer most layer synthesized by the cell
membrane and completely covers the cell.
1. Capsule/ Slime layer
2. Cell Wall
Pili / Fimbriae
• Short, small, straighter
• Immobile
• Not stainable
• Found only in gram (-) bacteria
Function of Pili
1. Bacterial Coagulation- transfer tube of DNA
from one cell to another.
2. Act as Adhesive Agents-attachment site to
obtain nutrients.
3. Associated with ability to cause disease.
Capsule
• Thick layer
• Grow only in living host
• Make bacteria more pathogenic.
• Defensive buffer (prevent dehydration)
• Hinder phagocytosis.
Cell wall
• Rigid structure
• Give shape
• Strength
Types of bacteria according to cell wall:

• Gram positive
• Gram negative
Gram Positive
• With 60-100% Murein (protect the cell from
lysis due to its internal osmotic pressure
/give strength to the outer structure of the
organism.)
• Teichoic Acid- induce host cell to make
antibodies and regulate normal cell division.
Gram Negative
• With 10-20% murein
• No teichoic acid
• Endotoxin Layer
- responsible for high fever during infection.
Slime Layer
thin layer present in almost all bacteria
Spores
• Special structure
• With standard temperature beyond 60° - 70°
degrees.
• With thermal stability (less water)
• Survive in boiling water.
Plasma Membrane
• Thin, flexible layer
• Functions:
1. transport system for various ions, sugar
and amino acids.
2. Site of several enzyme respiration
3. Building blocks of cell wall.
Cytoplasm/ Cell Sap
• Homogenous
• Semifluid substance
• 80% water
• CHO, Proteins, Lipid
• Center for functional activities.
Types of Bacterial Reproduction
1. Asexual
a. Binary Fission
b. Fragmention
c. Budding
2. Sexual
Bacterial Growth Characteristic
1. Increase in population is by geometric
progression or exponential or logarithmic.
2. Generation time –time required for one
organism to divide into 2 or double
Example: M. Tubercolosis: 15-20 hours.
E. Coli: 20 minutes
Stages in Bacterial Growth:
• Lag Phase- increase in size not in number.
• Log Phase- exponential logarithmic
multiplication phase, most rapid
reproduction
• Stationary Phase- rate of reproduction is
equal to death.
• Death Phase- rate of death faster than rate of
reproduction.
Factors that affect the bacterial growth:

• Nutritional Requirement:
a. Food – CHO, proteins, fats, lipids.
b. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, mineral salts, Ca, Fe, Mg,
K, Na, Zn, Cu.
c. Water/ Moisture- 90% water
d. Essential Growth Factor
- Amino acid, Nitrogen bases, Vitamins,
anti- metabolites.
e. Moisture
f. Osmotic Pressure
g. Chemicals
h. By products of bacterial growth.
Physical Requirements
1. Food Supply
2. Temperature
3. Gaseous requirement
4. pH
5. Light
Types of Bacteria according to
temperature:
• Psychrophiles- decrease temperature.
<20°C
• Mesophiles- normal temperature
25°-40°C
• Thermophiles- increase temperature
>45.5 to 60°C
According to pH
• Acidophiles: 2 to 5 pH
• Alkaliphiles: 8.5 pH
• HALOPHILES:
loves increase amount of salts.
• OSMOPHILES:
loves increase amount of sugar.
• HALODURIC:
organisms do not live in salty environment
• BAROPHILES:
capable of living in the deepest part of ocean.
Aerobic Bacteria
• Obligate Aerobes
• Facultative Aerobes
• Microaerophilic Aerobes
Reason for Growing Bacteria
• To diagnose the disease
• To determine sensitivity or resistance to
drugs.
• Evaluate safety of foods.
Anaerobic Bacteria
• Facultative Anaerobe
• Obligate Anaerobe
Types of Solution
• HYPERTONIC:
- increase solute, decrease solvent
- cell shrinks
• HYPOTONIC:
- decrease solute, increase solvent
• ISOTONIC:
- equal solute and solvent
• Start by remembering that there are 6 classic
gram (+) bugs that causes diseases in humans
and the rest are gram (-)
2 cocci: Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Gram (+) 4 rods: Bacillus
Clostridium
Corynebacterium
Listeria
1 cocci: Neisseria
Gram (-) 1 spiral: Spirochetes
rest: rods and pleomorphic
Morphologic Difference among Bacteria:

• Circular
A. Gram (+)
1. Streptococcus
2. Staphylococcus
B. Gram (-)
1. Neisseria
• Rod
A. Gram (+)
1. Corynebacterium
2. Listeria
3. Bacillus
4. Clostridium
5. Mycobacterium
B. Gram (-)
a. Enterics
1. E. Coli
2. Shigella
3. Salmonella
4. Yersinia
5. Klebsiella
6. Proteus
6. Enterobacter
7. Serratia
8. Vibrio
9. Campylobacter
10. Pseudomonas
b. Bacteriodes
1. Haemophillus
2. Bordetella
4. legionella
5. Francioela
6. Pasteurella
7. Gardnerella
8. Brucella
• Spiral
a. Gram (+)
1. none
b. Gram (-)
1. Treponema
2. Leptospira
3. Borrelia
• Branching Filamentous Growth
A. Gram (+)
1. Actinomycetes (Anaerobic)
2. Nocardia (Partially Acid- Fast)
B. Gram (-)
1. none
• Pleomorphic- change from one form to
another.
A. Gram (+)
1. none
B. Gram (-)
1. Clamydia
2. Rickettsiae

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