INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE SYSTEM

MAU-COS 102
ALL PROG.
MUBARAK K. KANKARA
 INTRODUCTION OF DBMS (DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM)
• A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software solution designed to
efficiently manage, organize, and retrieve data in a structured manner.
• It serves as a critical component in modern computing, enabling organizations
to store, manipulate, and secure their data effectively. From small applications to enterprise
systems, DBMS plays a vital role in supporting data-driven decision-making and operational
efficiency
 WHAT IS A DBMS?

• What is a DBMS?
• A DBMS is a system that allows users to create, modify, and query databases while ensuring data
integrity, security, and efficient data access.
• Unlike traditional file systems, DBMS minimizes data redundancy, prevents inconsistencies, and
simplifies data management with features like concurrent access and backup mechanisms.
• It organizes data into tables, views, schemas, and reports, providing a structured approach to
data management.
• Example:
• A university database can store and manage student information, faculty records, and
administrative data, allowing seamless retrieval, insertion, and deletion of information as
required.
 KEY FEATURES OF DBMS

• Data Modeling: Tools to create and modify data models, defining the structure and relationships
within the database.
• Data Storage and Retrieval: Efficient mechanisms for storing data and executing queries to
retrieve it quickly.
• Concurrency Control: Ensures multiple users can access the database simultaneously without
conflicts.
• Data Integrity and Security: Enforces rules to maintain accurate and secure data, including access
controls and encryption.
• Backup and Recovery: Protects data with regular backups and enables recovery in case of system
failures.
 TYPES OF DBMS

• There are several types of Database Management Systems (DBMS), each tailored to different data
structures, scalability requirements, and application needs. The most common types are as
follows:
• DBMS
• RDBMS
• NoSQL systems
• OODBMS
 RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(RDBMS)
• RDBMS organizes data into tables (relations)
composed of rows and columns. It uses primary
keys to uniquely identify rows and foreign keys
to establish relationships between tables.
• Queries are written in SQL (Structured Query
Language), which allows for efficient data
manipulation and retrieval.
• Examples: MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL
Server and Postgre SQL.
 NoSQL DBMS
NoSQL DBMS
NoSQL systems are designed to
handle large-scale data and provide
high performance for scenarios
where relational models might be
restrictive.

They store data in various non-relational

formats, such as key-value
pairs, documents, graphs, or columns.

These flexible data models enable rapid

scaling and are well-suited for
unstructured or semi-structured data.

Examples: MongoDB, Cassandra,

DynamoDB and Redis.
 Object-oriented DBMS
(OODBMS)
• Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS)
• OODBMS integrates object-oriented programming
concepts into the database environment, allowing data
to be stored as objects.
• This approach supports complex data types and
relationships, making it ideal for applications requiring
advanced data modeling and real-world simulations.
• Examples: ObjectDB, db4o
 DATABASE LANGUAGES

• Database languages are specialized sets of commands and instructions used to define,
manipulate, and control data within a database.
• Each language type plays a distinct role in database management, ensuring
efficient storage, retrieval, and security of data.
• The primary database languages include:
 DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE
(DDL)
Data Definition Language (DDL)
• DDL is the short name for Data Definition Language, which deals with database schemas and
descriptions, of how the data should reside in the database.
• CREATE: to create a database and its objects like (table, index, views, store procedure, function,
and triggers)
• ALTER: alters the structure of the existing database
• DROP: delete objects from the database
• TRUNCATE: remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the records are
removed
• COMMENT: add comments to the data dictionary
• RENAME: rename an object
 DATA MANIPULATION
LANGUAGE (DML)
DML focuses on manipulating the data stored in the database, enabling users to retrieve, add,
update, and delete data.
• SELECT: retrieve data from a database
• INSERT: insert data into a table
• UPDATE: updates existing data within a table
• DELETE: Delete all records from a database table
• MERGE: UPSERT operation (insert or update)
• CALL: call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
• EXPLAIN PLAN: interpretation of the data access path
• LOCK TABLE: concurrency Control
 DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE
(DCL)
DCL commands manage access permissions, ensuring data security by controlling who can perform
certain actions on the database.
• GRANT: Provides specific privileges to a user (e.g., SELECT, INSERT).
• REVOKE: Removes previously granted permissions from a user.
PARADIGM SHIFT FROM FILE SYSTEM TO DBMS

• Before the advent of modern Database Management Systems (DBMS), data was managed using
basic file systems on hard drives. While this approach allowed users to store, retrieve,
and update files as needed, it came with numerous challenges.
• A typical example can be seen in a file-based university management system, where data was
stored in separate sections such as Departments, Academics, Results, Accounts, and Hostels.
Certain information like student names and phone numbers was repeated across multiple files,
leading to the following issues:
 ISSUES FROM FILE SYSTEM TO
DBMS
• Redundancy of data
• Inconsistency of Data
• Lack of Security
• No Concurrent Access
• No Backup and Recovery
 ISSUES FROM FILE SYSTEM TO
DBMS
• Data Redundancy
When the same data exists in multiple places, any update must be manually repeated everywhere.
For instance, if a student changes their phone number, it must be updated across all sections.
Failure to do so leads to unnecessary duplication and wasted storage.
• Data Inconsistency
Data is said to be inconsistent if multiple copies of the same data do not match each other. If the
Phone number is different in Accounts Section and Academics Section, it will be inconsistent.
Inconsistency may be because of typing errors or not updating all copies of the same data.
• Complex Data Access
A user should know the exact location of the file to access data, so the process is very cumbersome
and tedious. If the user wants to search the student hostel allotment number of a student from
10000 unsorted students’ records, how difficult it can be.
 ISSUES FROM FILE SYSTEM TO
DBMS
• Lack of Security
File systems provided limited control over who could access certain data. A student who gained
access to a file with grades might easily alter it without proper authorization, compromising data
integrity.
• No Concurrent Access
File systems were not designed for multiple users working at the same time. If one user was editing
a file, others had to wait, which hindered collaboration and slowed down workflows.
• No Backup and Recovery
File systems lacked built-in mechanisms for creating backups or recovering data after a loss. If a file
was accidentally deleted or corrupted, there was no easy way to restore it, potentially causing
permanent data loss.
 ADVANTAGES OF DBMS

• Data organization: A DBMS allows for the organization and storage of data in a structured
manner, making it easy to retrieve and query the data as needed.
• Data integrity: A DBMS provides mechanisms for enforcing data integrity constraints, such as
constraints on the values of data and access controls that restrict who can access the data.
• Concurrent access: A DBMS provides mechanisms for controlling concurrent access to the
database, to ensure that multiple users can access the data without conflicting with each
other.
• Data security: A DBMS provides tools for managing the security of the data, such as
controlling access to the data and encrypting sensitive data.
• Backup and recovery: A DBMS provides mechanisms for backing up and recovering the data
in the event of a system failure.
• Data sharing: A DBMS allows multiple users to access and share the same data, which can be
useful in a collaborative work environment.
 DISADVANTAGES OF DBMS

• Complexity: DBMS can be complex to set up and maintain, requiring specialized

knowledge and skills.
• Performance overhead: The use of a DBMS can add overhead to the
performance of an application, especially in cases where high levels of
concurrency are required.
• Scalability: The use of a DBMS can limit the scalability of an application, since it
requires the use of locking and other synchronization mechanisms to ensure data
consistency.
• Cost: The cost of purchasing, maintaining and upgrading a DBMS can be high,
especially for large or complex systems.
• Limited Use Cases: Not all use cases are suitable for a DBMS, some solutions
don’t need high reliability, consistency or security and may be better served by
other types of data storage.
 APPLICATIONS OF DBMS

• Enterprise Information: Sales, accounting, human resources, Manufacturing,

online retailers.
• Banking and Finance Sector: Banks maintaining the customer details, accounts,
loans, banking transactions, credit card transactions. Finance: Storing the
information about sales and holdings, purchasing of financial stocks and bonds.
• University: Maintaining the information about student course enrolled
information, student grades, staff roles.
• Airlines: Reservations and schedules.
• Telecommunications: Prepaid, postpaid bills maintenance
 CONCLUSION

• A Database Management System (DBMS) is an essential tool for efficiently managing, organizing,
and retrieving large volumes of data across various industries.
• Its ability to handle data securely, ensure integrity, support concurrent access, and provide
backup and recovery options makes it indispensable for modern data-driven applications.
• While DBMSs come with complexities and costs, their benefits in terms of data management and
security far outweigh the challenges, making them a crucial component in any data-centric
environment