BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
By:
M.PRAVEEN KUMAR
Assistant Professor
SoE
 (MR20-1ES0101)
BASIC ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
I B.Tech II Semester
 UNIT-III
AC Machines
Construction and Principle of operation of single-phase transformers and
EMF equation.
Construction and Principle of operation of induction motor.
Construction and Principle of operation of alternators.
 Transformer

 A transformer is a static device by means of which the electric power from

one circuit is transformed into another circuit without change of frequency. It
can raise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or
increase in current.
In brief,

1. Transforms the electrical energy from one circuit to

another circuit.

2. It does so without change of frequency.

3. It accomplishes this by an electromagnetic induction.

4. Where the two electric circuits are coupled inductively.

 Working Principle
 A transformer works on the principle of mutual induction.

Mutual Induction:
 The principle of mutual
induction states that when the
two coils are inductively
coupled and if the current in
one coil changes uniformly
then an EMF is induced in the
other coil as per the Faraday’s
laws of electromagnetic
induction.
 According to the faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction , whenever a
conductor cuts the magnetic flux then an EMF induced in the conductor.
 The type of EMF induced in the transformer is statically
induced EMF.
Statically Induced EMF:
 It is the EMF induced in the conductor when a stationary
conductor cuts (or) links the alternating flux.

 The magnitude of the Statically induced EMF is given by Faraday’s Second

Law.

Faraday’s Second Law:

 The induced EMF in the conductor is directly proportional to the rate of change

of flux linkages.
EMF (E) α dФ/dt
The direction of the statically induced EMF is given by Lenz’s law.

Lenz’s Law: Induced EMF in the conductor gives a current which

produces a magnetic flux to oppose the change in main field flux.

EMF(E) = - NdФ/dt

 Where, minus sign from Lenz’s Law.

Operation of transformer:
 When the AC supply is applied across the primary winding, an alternating
current will flow through the winding which produces a time varying
magnetic flux .

 This time varying magnetic flux gets associated with the secondary winding
through the magnetic core.

 Hence, the magnetic flux which is linked with the secondary coil changes.

 When the secondary winding cuts the magnetic flux then an EMF is induced
in the secondary winding.
Construction of transformer:

The main parts of the transformer are:

1) Magnetic Core

2) Windings or Coils
Magnetic Core:
 The core of the transformer is either square or rectangular type in shape.
 The vertical part of the core is called as limb and the horizontal part of the core
is called as yoke.
 Primary and secondary coils (windings) are wound on the limb.
 Core is made of laminated type of construction to reduce the eddy current
losses.

 Core is made up of Cast Iron (or) Cast Steel (or) Silicon steel.

 Generally high grade Silicon steel of laminations (0.3 mm to 0.5 mm) is used.
 Core is made of laminated type of construction to reduce the eddy current
losses.

 Core is made up of Cast Iron (or) Cast Steel (or) Silicon steel.
 Windings:

 Conducting material is used in the windings of transformer.

 The coils(windings) are wound on the limbs and insulated from each other.

 Two different windings are wound on two different limbs.

 Windings are made up of copper or aluminium.

 To reduce the leakage flux it is necessary that the windings should be very
close to each other.
 As the leakage flux decreases then the efficiency of the transformer increases.
 Types of Transformer:

 Based on the construction the transformers are divided in to

i) Core type transformer

ii)Shell type transformer

i) Core type transformer

 In core type transformer winding

surrounds the core of the transformer.

 This transformer has two limbs.

 There is more leakage flux.

 There are more copper losses and less

core losses.
 It requires less insulation.
 There is a low mechanical strength.
 It is used for high voltage and low current applications.
 ii) Shell type transformer

 In shell type transformer core

surrounds the windings.
 It has three limbs and coils
(windings) are wound on the
central limb.

 There is less leakage flux.

 There are less copper losses and more core losses.

 It requires more insulation.

 There is high mechanical strength.

 It is used for low voltage and high current applications.

EMF Equation of
transformer:

 Let,

N1 = Number of turns in the primary winding.

N2 = Number of turns in the secondary winding.

Φm = Maximum flux in the core (in Wb).

= Bm* A

f = frequency of the AC supply (in Hz).

T= Time period (in Sec).

 According to the Faraday’s second law, the average
EMF
induced in the primary winding is given by

E1= N1 (dΦ/dt)…………..(1)

 As shown in the fig., the flux rises sinusoidally to its maximum value Φm
from 0.
 Therefore, the change in flux (dΦ) = Φm …….(2)
 Flux reaches to the maximum value in one quarter of the cycle
i.e. in T/4 sec.
 Therefore, the change in time(dt)= T/4 ……….(3)

On substituting eq.(2) and eq.(3) in eq.(1),we get

E1 = N1Φm / (T/4) = 4N1Φm / T

E1 = 4fΦmN1 ..........(4)
 We know that, Form factor = RMS value / Average value

 Therefore,

RMS value of EMF = Form factor × Average EMF

= 1.11× Average EMF

 RMS value of induced EMF in the primary winding is given by
E1 =1.11×4f ΦmN1
E1 = 4.44Φm f N1 .............................(5)

 Similarly, RMS value of induced EMF in the secondary winding is given by

E2 = 4.44 Φm f N2 ............................ (6)

 Voltage Transformation Ratio (K):
 From the equations (5) and (6), we get

 Where, K = Constant.
This constant K is known as voltage transformation ratio.
 If N2 > N1, i.e. K > 1, then the transformer is called as step-up transformer.
 If N2 < N1, i.e. K < 1, then the transformer is called as step-down
transformer.
IDEAL TRANSFORMER:

 For ideal transformer,

(i) No core losses.

(ii) No copper losses.

(iii) Input power(V1I1) = Out put power(V2I2),

E1=V1 and V2 = E2

(iv) Efficiency is 100%.

 The transformation ratio is given as
 PROBLEMS ON EMF EQUATION:
1) An ideal transformer has 500 turns in the primary winding and 40 turns in the
secondary winding. The primary is connected to 3000V, 50Hz AC supply.
Calculate the EMF induced in the secondary winding.
Sol: Given Data
 Number of turns in the primary winding (N1) = 500
 Number of turns in the primary winding (N2) = 40
 Primary Voltage (V1) = 3000V
 Primary EMF (E1)= V1 = 3000V
 From transformation ratio, we have K =
E2/E1 = N2/N1

E2 = (N2/N1)× E1

E2 = (40/500) × 3000
2) AN IDEAL 10KVA TRANSFORMER HAS 100 TURNS IN THE PRIMARY
WINDING AND 10 TURNS IN THE SECONDARY WINDING. THE
PRIMARY IS CONNECTED TO 2000V, 50HZ AC SUPPLY. CALCULATE
THE MAXIMUM FLUX IN THE CORE.

Sol: Given Data

 KVA Rating = 10KVA
 Number of turns in the primary winding (N1) = 100

 Number of turns in the secondary winding (N2) =10

 Primary Voltage (V1) = 2000V

 Primary EMF (E1)= V1 = 2000V

 From EMF equation, we have
E1 = 4.44f Φm N1
Φm = E1/(4.44fN1)
= 2000/(4.44×50×100)
3) An ideal 100KVA, 1000V/100V transformer has 1000 turns in the primary
winding. Determine the number of turns in the secondary winding, the primary
and secondary currents.

Sol: Given Data

 KVA Rating = 100KVA
 Voltage Ratio = 1000V/100V
 Number of turns in the primary winding (N1) = 1000

 Primary Voltage (V1) = 1000V

 Primary EMF (E1) = V1 = 1000V

 Secondary EMF(E2) = 100V

 Secondary Voltage(V2) = E2 =100V

 From transformation ratio, we have
 Transformation ratio(K)= N2/N1=E2/E1

N2=(E2/E1)×N1 = (100/1000) × 1000

 Input power(V1*I1) = KVA Rating

= 100×1000 =100000
I1 = 100000/V1

= 100000/1000

100A

 Output power(V2*I2) = KVA Rating

= 100×1000
=100000
I2 = 100000/V2

= 100000/100
4) AN IDEAL 50KVA, 200V/2000V TRANSFORMER HAS 50 TURNS IN THE
PRIMARY WINDING AND THE SUPPLY FREQUENCY IS 50HZ.
DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF TURNS IN THE SECONDARY WINDING
AND THE MAXIMUM FLUX IN THE CORE.

Sol: Given Data

 KVA Rating = 50KVA
 Voltage Ratio = 200V/2000V
 Number of turns in the primary winding (N1) = 50

 Primary EMF (E1) = 200V

 Secondary EMF (E2) = 2000V

 Supply frequency = 50Hz
 From transformation ratio, we have
 Transformation ratio(K)= N2/N1= E2/E1

N2= (E2/E1)×N1 = ( 2000/200) × 50

 From EMF equation, we have

E1 = 4.44f Φm N1

Φm = E1/(4.44fN1)

= 200/(4.44×50×50)
= 0.018Wb
Introduction:
 Induction motors are also called asynchronous motors i.e., the motors which
never run at a synchronous speed.
 Induction motors may be single-phase or three-phase.
 The single phase induction motors are usually built in small sizes (upto 3
H.P).
 Three phase induction motors are the most commonly used
AC motors in the industry because they have simple and
rugged construction, low cost, high efficiency, reasonably
good power factor, self-starting and low maintenance cost.
 Almost more than 90% of the mechanical power used in
industry is provided by three phase induction motors.
 INDUCTION
MOTOR:

 It is a machine which converts the electrical energy ( in the form of AC

voltage) into the mechanical energy.
 Induction motor which works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
 In an induction motor, the electric current in the rotor needed to produce
torque is obtained via electromagnetic induction from the rotating magnetic
field of the stator winding.
 It is also known as rotating transformer.
PRINCIPLE OF
OPERATION
 An induction motor works based on principle of electromagnetic induction.

 The stator and rotor are two essential parts of the motor.
 The windings of the stator are equally displaced from each other by an angle of
120°.
 When a balanced three phase supply (Displaced by 120° form each other) is
given to the three phase stator winding of an induction motor, a rotating
magnetic field of constant magnitude is developed around the stator which
rotates at synchronous speed as shown in fig(a).

Where,

f = Supply
frequency.

P = Number of poles.
 The rotating magnetic field passes through the air gap and the
stationary rotor conductors cuts this rotating magnetic field.

 Due to the relative speed between the stationary rotor conductors and the
rotating magnetic field, an EMF induced in the rotor conductors according to
the Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.

 As the rotor conductors are short circuited, current starts flowing through it
and the direction of the flux due to rotor current alone, is as shown in Fig.(b).
 As the current carrying rotor conductors are placed in the magnetic field
produced by the stator, they experiences a mechanical force i.e torque.

 This torque moves the rotor in the same direction as that of the rotating
magnetic field fig(c).
CONSTRUCTION OF AN INDUCTION
MOTOR
 Construction:
An induction motor consists essentially of two main parts :
(a) a stator and (b) a rotor

(a) Stator
 It is made up of a number of stampings, which are slotted to receive the
windings.
 The stator carries a 3-phase winding and is fed from a 3-phase supply.
 It is wound for a definite number of poles, the exact number of poles being
determined by the requirements of speed.
 The stator windings, when supplied with 3-phase currents, produce a magnetic
.
flux, which is of constant magnitude but which revolves (or rotates) at
synchronous speed (given by Ns = 120 f/P). This revolving magnetic flux
induces an e.m.f. in the rotor by mutual induction.
 It is the outer body of the
motor.
 It is made up of cast Iron.
 It gives the mechanical
support to the stator core
and protects the inner
parts of the machine.

Stator Core:
 The stator core is made up of thin sheets of silicon steel
laminations.
 The laminated stator core has slots to carry the three phase
stator winding.
 The laminations are insulated from each other usually by a varnish layer.
 The thickness of the lamination usually varies from 0.3mm to 0.5mm.
Stator winding:
 The core of the stator carries three phase windings which are usually supplied
from a three-phase supply system.
 The six terminals of the windings (two of each phase) are connected in the
terminal box of the machine.
 The stator winding of the motor is wound for a definite number of poles,
depending on the speed of the motor.
 If the number of poles is greater, the speed of the motor will be less and if the
number of poles is less than the speed will be high.
 When a balanced three phase is given to the three phase stator winding, a
rotating magnetic field is produced.
 Construction of
rotor:
 The rotor is built of thin laminations of silicon steel material.
 The laminated cylindrical core is mounted directly on the
shaft.
 These laminations are slotted on the outer side to receive the rotor conductors.
 There are two types of rotor.

(i) Squirrel Cage Rotor

(ii) Phase Wound (or) Slip Ring Rotor

Squirrel Cage Rotor:

Squirrel Cage Rotor

 Motors employing this type of rotor are known as squirrel cage induction
motor.
 Almost 90 percentage of induction motors are squirrel cage type, because
this type of rotor has the simplest and most rugged construction.
 The Rotor consists of cylindrical laminated core with parallel
slots for carrying the rotor conductors .
 Rotor consists of heavy bars of copper or aluminum.
 The Rotor bars are permanently short circuited on themselves.
 Hence, it is not possible to add any external Resistance in series with the
Rotor circuit for starting purposes.
 The rotor slots are not quite parallel to the shaft but are
purposely given a slight skew.
 This is useful in two ways.

(i)It helps to make the motor run quietly by reducing the

magnetic hum.

(ii) It helps in reducing the locking tendency of the rotor.

Phase wound (or) Slip ring rotor:

Phase wound or Slip Ring Rotor

 Motors employing this type of rotor are widely known as “Phase Wound”
induction motors or “Slip Ring” induction motors.
 This type of rotor is provided with 3-phase, double layer, distributed winding
consisting of coils.
 The Rotor is wound for as many poles as the number of stator poles.
 The three terminals are shorted internally.
 The other three winding terminals are connected to slip rings mounted on the
shaft with brushes resting on them.
 These three brushes are further externally connected to a 3- phase
star connected rheostat.
 This makes possible to introduce additional resistance in the rotor circuit
during the starting period to increase the starting torque of the motor.
 When running under normal conditions, slip rings are automatically short
circuited.
 Slip-rings are made of high quality phosphor-bronze and are of moulded
construction.

Shaft and Bearings. Ball and roller bearings are used to suit heavy duty, trouble-
free running and for enhanced service life.

Fans. Light aluminium fans are used for adequate circulation of cooling air and are
securely keyed onto the rotor shaft.

Working Principle: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQqyGNOP_3o

Construction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__dToAW_AOY
 Advantages:
1. It has very simple and extremely rugged, almost unbreakable construction
(especially squirrel- cage type).
2. Its cost is low and it is very reliable.
3. It has sufficiently high efficiency. In normal running condition, no brushes are needed,
hence frictional losses are reduced. It has a reasonably good power factor.
4. It requires minimum of maintenance.
5. It starts up from rest and needs no extra starting motor and has not to be synchronized.
Its starting arrangement is simple especially for squirrel-cage type motor.

Disadvantages:
6. Its speed cannot be varied without sacrificing some of its efficiency.
7. Just like a d.c. shunt motor, its speed decreases with increase in load.
8. Its starting torque is somewhat inferior to that of a d.c. shunt motor.
 APPLICATIO
NS

Some of the applications are mentioned below:

 Lifts.
 Cranes.
 Pumps.
 Exhaust fans.
 Lathe machines.
 Crushers.
 Oil extracting mills.
 Textile industry.
 ALTERNATOR
 Alternator is a synchronous machine which converts mechanical power into
electrical power ( in the form of AC power).
 Synchronous generators are also referred to as alternators or AC generators.
The term "alternator" is used since it produces AC power.
 It is called synchronous generator because it must be driven at synchronous
speed to produce AC power of the desired frequency.
 A synchronous generator can be either single-phase or poly-phase (generally
3phase).
(output electrical power)

(input mechanical power)

 WORKING
PRINCIPLE

 Alternator works based on the principle of Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic

induction.
 It states that an electromotive force(EMF) or voltage is generated in a
conductor whenever it cuts the magnetic flux.
 This can either be achieved by rotating a conductor coil in a static magnetic
field or by rotating the magnetic field that contains the stationary conductor.
 The preferred arrangement is to keep the coil stationary because it is easier
to draw induced alternating current from a stationary armature coil than a
rotating coil.
 The generated EMF depends on the number of armature coil turns, magnetic
field strength and the speed of the rotating field.
 When DC voltage is applied to the rotor winding(field winding) then the
magnetic flux is produced.
 The rotor is rotated through the prime mover and hence the rotating magnetic
flux is produced.
 When the rotor rotates(magnetic flux rotates), the stationary armature
conductors cuts the magnetic flux and hence an EMF is induced the armature
conductors.
 Since, the magnetic poles are alternatively N and S, therefore an alternating
EMF is produced in the armature conductors.
 The direction of the induced EMF is given by the Fleming’s right hand rule.
 CONSTRUCTION OF
ALTERNATOR

As alternator consists of two main parts viz.

•Stator – The stator is the stationary part of the alternator. It carries the armature
winding in which the voltage is generated. The output of the alternator is taken
form the stator.
•Rotor – The rotor is the rotating part of the alternator. The rotor produces the
main field flux.
Stator:
The stator of the alternator includes several parts, viz. the frame, stator core, stator
or armature windings, and cooling arrangement.
•The stator frame may be made up of cast iron for small-size machines and of
welded steel for large-size machines.
•The stator core is assembled with high-grade silicon steel laminations. These
silicon steel laminations reduce the hysteresis and eddy-current losses in the stator
core.
•The slots are cut on the inner periphery of the stator core. A 3-phase armature
winding is put in these slots.
•The armature winding of the alternator is star connected. The winding of each
phase is distributed over several slots. When current flows through the distributed
armature winding, it produces an essential sinusoidal space distribution of EMF.
 The armature winding of an alternator is usually connected in star and its
neutral is connected to the ground.
Rotor:
 The rotor of the alternator carries the field winding which is supplied with
direct current through two slip rings by a separate DC source (also called
exciter).
 The exciter is generally a small DC shunt generator mounted on the shaft of
the alternator.
 For the alternator, there are two types of rotor constructions are used viz.
i) the cylindrical rotor type and
ii) the salient-pole type.
CYLINDRICAL ROTOR | NON-SALIENT POLE
ROTOR:
 The rotor is made up of smooth solid
steel cylinder having the number of slots
along the outer periphery.
 In cylindrical rotor, the pole doesn’t
project out from the smooth surface of the
rotor hence they maintain the uniform air
gap between stator and rotor.
 The top portion of the slot is covered with the help of steel or manganese

wedges.

 The field windings are placed in these slots and is excited by DC supply. The

field winding is of distributed type.

 The unslotted portion of the cylinder acts as the poles of an alternator.

 Number of poles is usually 2 or 4.

 These rotors are smaller in diameter but having longer axial length.

 Cylindrical rotors are used in high speed applications, usually 1500 rpm to

3000 rpm.

 The cylindrical type rotor construction provides a greater mechanical strength

and permits more accurate dynamic balancing.

 It gives noiseless operation at high speeds because of the uniform air gap.

 The flux distribution around the periphery of the rotor is nearly a sine wave

and hence a better EMF waveform is obtained.

 The hunting effect is very rare in the cylindrical rotor, therefore, there is no

need to provide damper winding.

 The cylindrical rotor alternators are called turbo-alternators or turbo-

generators. These alternators are used in thermal and nuclear power plants.

 The alternator with cylindrical rotor have always horizontal configuration

installation.
SALIENT POLE (OR PROJECTING POLE)
ROTOR:

The term salient means projecting. Hence, a salient pole rotor consists of poles
projecting out from the surface of the rotor core.
 This whole arrangement is fixed to the shaft of the alternator as shown in the
figure.
 The poles are made up of steel laminations to reduce eddy current losses and
the poles are attached to a rotor.
 The rotor winding is provided on the poles.

 The individual field pole windings are connected in series. such that, when the
field winding is energized by the DC exciter, the adjacent poles have opposite
polarities.

 The number of poles does not affect the number of phases in the alternator
output.

 Salient pole rotors have larger diameter and shorter axial length.

 To reduce the effect of haunting damper winding is provided in the pole faces.
 Salient pole rotor type alternator is generally used in lower speed applications,
usually 100 RPM to 1500 RPM.

 Typically number of salient poles is between 4 to 60.

 As the rotor speed is lower, more number of poles are required to attain the
required frequency as given below.
Synchronous Speed(Ns) = 120f / P

f = P Ns / 120

 Salient pole alternators are mostly used in hydro power plants.

 It causes the excessive windage losses if they are driven at high speed.

 It increases the noise produced by an alternator.

 The salient pole rotor cannot withstand for high mechanical stress.

 Due to the large diameter of the rotor, the space requirement for the
installation and the initial cost increases.
 Cylindrical or non-salient pole rotor Salient pole rotor
They are smaller in diameter but having Salient pole rotors have large diameter and
longer axial length. shorter axial length.

Their construction is robust as compared to Their construction is not as robust as non-

salient pole rotors. salient pole rotors.

Cylindrical rotors are used in high speed They are generally used in lower speed
electrical machines, usually 1500 rpm to electrical machines, say 100 rpm to 1500
3000 rpm. rpm.

Typically number of salient poles is Typically number of salient poles is

between 2 or 4. between 4 to 60.
Flux distribution is sinusoidal and hence Flux distribution is relatively poor than non-
gives better emf. salient pole rotor

Windage loss as well as noise is less as Windage loss as well as noise is more as
compared to salient pole rotors. compared to non-salient pole rotors.

Non-salient pole rotor alternators are used Salient pole alternators are mostly used in
in nuclear, gas and thermal power plants. hydro power plants.
 APPLICATIONS

 It is commonly used in automobiles.

 It is used in conventional energy power stations like thermal, nuclear,

hydro and gas power stations.

 It is used in diesel engines.

 It is used in marine applications.

 It is used for radio frequency signal transmission.

Turbine Alternator