Solar System Installation &

Performance
• Pakistan Solar Potential
• Solar Orientation
• Types of Solar Cell & Module
• Economical Evaluation of PV Projects
• Design & Installation Steps of On-grid PV System
• Design & Installation Steps of Off-grid PV System
• PV System Operation Monitoring and Maintenance
Pakistan Need & solar Potential

 According to the Pakistan Economic Survey

2021–22, the installed electricity generation
capacity reached 41,557 MW in 2022. The
maximum total demand coming from
residential and industrial estates stands at
nearly 31,000 MW, whereas the transmission
and distribution capacity is stalled at
approximately 22,000 MW.

Distribution of Power generation with respect to fuel

Fuel Wise Energy Consumption
Analysis
Annual global
horizontal
irradiation (GHI) in
Pakistan.
 The annual global horizontal irradiation
(GHI) in Pakistan varies by location within
the country. On average, Pakistan
receives a significant amount of sunlight
throughout the year, making it a suitable
location for solar energy generation.
 Pakistan had an estimated solar energy
potential of around 2.9 million
megawatts (MW) of electricity generation
capacity.
 Pakistan's total solar installed capacity
was recorded at 1.24 GW, with an
increase of 17% compared to 2021.
Economical Evaluation of PV Projects
Standard Test Conditions (STC)

1000 W/m2 25˚C Cell Temp Air Mass 1.5

Nominal Operating Cell Temp. (NOCT)

800 W/m2 20˚Ambient Temp. 1 m/s

Peak Sun Hours:
Solar Panel Orientation and Structure
Roof Mounted

Ground Mounted

Fixed Self-Ballasted Arrays

BIPV
Mounting
Structure Car Port

Single Axis
Tracking &
Adjustable
Double Axis
Types of Mounting Systems (According to orientation type)

Fixed
Tracking

Adjustable
Fixed Mounting Structures

Self Ballasted Arrays Roof Mounted Ground Mounted

Elevated or Car Ports Building Integrated PVs

The Elevated Structure
The Roof-top Structure
Production Line Mounting
Tracking and Adjustable structure

Single Axis Tracking Double Axis Tracking

Key factors in Mechanical Design and Module Layout

• Module physical characteristics:

Optimizing Array Performance

Optimum Tilt & Azimuth:

Maximum Power Point:
The point at which the array generates
maximum electrical power

MPPT
range
Forces Affecting The Structure:
Commercial Solar Panel Types:
p-type PERC n-type TopCon HPBC Hi-Mo 6
• N-Type TOPCon cells are based on an n- • Hi Mo 6 panels are based on HPBC
• PERC panels are modified silicon cells
doped crystalline silicon wafer. Thanks technology, “Hybrid Passivated Back
that have an additional layer on the
to the crystalline N-type TOPCon cell contact Cell “superimposed on P-type
back. Because this extra layer is
core, more direct sunlight is converted cell.
reflective, it is able to send unused light
back across the n-type and p-type into electricity. • Hi Mo 565 solar panel are built with
junctions to generate more energy. monocrystalline cell technology which
• The N-type cells have a better
• Early commercial implementations of resistance to high temperatures. This can provide up to 565 watts, making it
property increases the longevity of the one of the most powerful panels on the
PERC technology ran into trouble —
modules as well as their efficiency market. is a high-efficiency, durable,
largely due to increased
light-induced degradation. compared to P-type cell technology. In and affordable option for solar power
addition, there is better low-light systems in Pakistan.
• Produced by Jinko, Trina. behaviour. • Produced by Longi.
• Produced by Jinko, Trina.
Performance Testing
3 month Yield Comparison
Low Light Performance
Note: The installed size is 9.9 kWp of PERC., 10.35 kWp of TopCon and Hi-Mo 6
 Installation Systems:
On-Grid System Off-Grid System Hybrid System
• On-grid - also known as a grid-tie or • Off-grid - also known as a stand- • Hybrid - grid-connected solar system
grid-feed solar system. alone power system (SAPS). with battery storage.
• These systems are connected to the • An off-grid system is not connected • Modern hybrid systems combine
public electricity grid. The solar to the electricity grid and, therefore, solar and battery storage in one. This
power you generate is typically used requires battery storage. Off-grid means being able to store solar
to power your home. Any excess solar systems must be designed energy that is generated during the
solar power you generate is exported appropriately to generate enough day and using it at night. When the
to the electricity grid, and you power throughout the year and have stored energy is depleted, the grid is
usually get paid a feed-in-tariff (FiT). enough battery capacity to meet the a backup, allowing consumers the
home’s requirements. best of both worlds.
Design Steps Of PV System

 Energy Consumption
 System Sizing (DC & AC)  String Configuration
 Site Planning  Wires and electrical
components sizing
 Mounting Structure
 Losses Estimation
 Components selection
 Energy Yield
 Shading Analysis
 BOQ
 Module Layout
 Economical Evaluation
 Solar panel selection
Energy Consumption

• Calculate the yearly energy consumption in kWh, or the average

monthly consumption
• If the facility is not built yet, estimate the energy consumption for all
loads
• Consumption = Wattage ✕ Operational time
• Example: The yearly energy consumption for a house in Amman is
16000 kWh
 System Sizing

 Divide the yearly consumption by 1560 kWh/kWp/y or the average monthly

consumption by 130 kWh/kWp/y
 The result is the maximum AC system size in units of kW that is allowed
to be installed as specified in the regulations of EMRC.
 Example: Max. AC System size = 10.25 kWp
 Selected inverter is: SMA STP 10000-TL kW
 Max. DC System size = 10.2 kWp (according to manufacturers’ specifications).
DC / AC Ratio

• PV designer may choose to oversize

the inverter in order to maximize
the power production, due to the
following:
• Actual PV module power vs.
module nominal power
• Financial considerations
• DC / AC ratio depends greatly on
the location!
• Recommended DC / AC ratio in
Jordan is 1.05 – 1.15
Suitable roof for mounting?
Solar access for the site?
Orientation and tilt of the roof
Connection voltage
Single Phase or 3-Phase?
CB data
Components selection

• Select the manufacturers for:

• Solar panels
• Mounting structure
• DC & AC cables
• Protection devices
Shading Analysis

h
θ

D = 2h

D’ = h / tan(ɑ)

D’ = Maximum shadow length

h = height of obstruction
α = solar altitude angle (at 9:00 AM or 3:00 PM in 21th December)
α = 23.5˚ in Amman at 9:00 in 21th December
Shading Analysis

• D = Minimum array row spacing

• ψ = solar azimuth angle (at 9:00 AM or
3:00 PM)
• Ψ = 141˚ at 9:00 AM
• If the solar panels mounted in landscape
(x=1m) layout and 30˚ tilt angle
• h = 1 x sin(30) = 0.5m
D = D’ x cos(180 – ψ)
• D’ = 0.5/ tan (23.5) = 1.15 m
• D = 1.15 x Cos(180 - 141) = 0.9m
These equation can be applied for any
shading object
Solar panel selection

• 32 solar panels can installed on the roof

• Rated power of each panel = 10.2 / 32 ≈ 0.315 kWp
• Selected module: Trina Solar – TALLMAX315 Multi
String Configuration
String Configuration
Mounting Type Increase in Cell Temperature [°C]

Ground Mounted and Car Ports +20

Roof Mounted +30

Facade +35

BIPV +45

Max. temp in Amman = 40˚C

Min temp. in Amman = -4 ˚C
String Configuration

• Max. number of modules per each • Min. number of modules per

string = each string =
• Max. MPP Voltage / Max. Module • Min. MPP Voltage / Min.
Voltage (Voc (STC) @ -4˚C) Module Voltage (Vmp (STC) @
70˚C)
• Voc (STC) @ -4˚C = (45.6 + |-4 – 25|x
0.0032 x 45.6) = 49.8 V • Vmp (STC) @ 70˚C = (37.1 - ((70 –
• 800 / 50 = 16.1 25) x 0.0032 x 37.1) = 31.8 V

• Max. number of modules per each • 320 / 31.8 = 10.1

string = 16 module • Min. number of modules per
each string = 11 module
 String Configuration

11 Module

1 6 Module

 String configuration:
 Input A: 1 x 16 Module
 Input B: 1 x 16 Module
Wires and electrical components sizing

 DC cables (Module’s Isc x 1.56 ) = 9 x 1.56 = 14 A

 AC cables (Inverter’s max. output current x 1.25) = 33 x 1.25 = 41.25 A
 NOTE: Voltage drop across DC & AC cables is recommended to be less than 2-3% (Voltage
drop = I x R x L)
 Circuit breaker size (Ampacity) > Max. AC Current
Losses Estimation

• Shading losses ≈ 3%
• Soiling losses ≈ 3% (with continuous cleaning)
• Voltage drop ≈ 2%