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Embedded C Basics1

Embedded C programming is essential for the functioning of embedded systems like mobile phones and washing machines, utilizing microcontrollers. It offers advantages over assembly language, such as portability, reliability, and ease of understanding. The document outlines the structure of Embedded C programs, data types, keywords, and the significance of the main function in program execution.

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12 views24 pages

Embedded C Basics1

Embedded C programming is essential for the functioning of embedded systems like mobile phones and washing machines, utilizing microcontrollers. It offers advantages over assembly language, such as portability, reliability, and ease of understanding. The document outlines the structure of Embedded C programs, data types, keywords, and the significance of the main function in program execution.

Uploaded by

rashmitaky
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basics of Embedded C

Program and Programming


Structure
Embedded C Programming is the soul of the processor functioning
inside each and

every embedded system we come across in our daily life, such as

mobile phone, washing machine, and digital camera.

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✓ Each processor is associated with an embedded
software.

✓ The first and foremost thing is the embedded software

that decides functioning of the embedded system.

✓ Embedded C language is most frequently used to

program the microcontroller.

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❖ Earlier, many embedded applications were developed using
assembly level

programming. However, they did not provide portability.

❖ This disadvantage was overcome by the advent of various high

level languages like C, Pascal, and COBOL. However, it

was the C language that got extensive acceptance for embedded

systems, and it continues to do so.

❖ The C code written is more reliable, scalable, and portable; and

in fact, much easier to understand.

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About C Language

•C language was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1969.

• It is a collection of one or more functions, and every

function is a collection of statements performing a specific task.

• C language is a middle-level language as it supports

high-level applications and low-level applications.

•Before going into the details of embedded C programming,


we should know RAM memory organization
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 Salient features of the language

➢ C language is a software designed with different keywords, data


types, variables, constants, etc.
➢ Embedded C is a generic term given to a programming
language written in C, which is associated with a particular
hardware architecture.
➢ Embedded C is an extension to the C language with some
additional header files. These header files may change from
controller to controller.
➢ The microcontroller 8051 #include<reg51.h> is used.

 The embedded system designers must know 6


about the hardware architecture to
write programs. These programs play prominent role in monitoring and controlling
external devices. They also directly operate and use the internal architecture of the
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The basic additional features of the embedded
software
Data
types
✓The data type refers to an extensive system for
declaring variables of different types like integer,
character, float, etc.
✓The embedded C software uses four data types that are
used to store data in the memory.
✓The ‘char’ is used to store any single character; ‘int’ is used
to store integer value, and ‘float’ is used to store any precision
floating point value.
✓The size and range of different data types on a 32-bit
machine is given in the following table. The size and range
may vary on machines with different
8 word sizes.
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Keywords

➢ There are certain words that are reserved for doing specific
tasks. These

words are known as keywords.

➢ They are standard and predefined in the Embedded C.

➢ Keywords are always written in lowercase. These keywords

must be defined before writing the main program.

➢ The basic keywords of an embedded


1
0 software are given below:
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 sbit: This data type is used in case of accessing a
single bit of SFR register.
 Syntax: sbit variable name = SFR bit ;
 Ex: sbit a=P2^1;
 Explanation: If we assign p2.1 as ‘a’ variable, then
we can use ‘a’ instead of p2.1 anywhere in the
program, which reduces the complexity of the
program.
 Bit: This data type is used for accessing the bit
addressable memory of RAM (20h-2fh).
 Syntax: bit variable name;
 Ex: bit c;
 Explanation: It is a bit sequence setting in a
small data area that is used by a program to
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remember something. 2
 SFR: This data type is used for accessing a SFR register by
another name. All
the SFR registers must be declared with
capital letters.
 Syntax: SFR variable name = SFR address of
SFR register;
 Ex: SFR
port0=0x80;
 Explanation: If we assign 0x80 as ‘port0’, then we can use
0x80 instead of
port0 anywhere in the program, which reduces the
complexity of the

program.

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3
SFR Register:

The SFR stands for ‘Special Function Register’.

Microcontroller 8051 has 256 bytes of RAM memory.

This RAM is divided into two parts: the first part of

128 bytes is used for data storage, and the other of


128 bytes is used for SFR registers.

All peripheral devices like I/O ports, timers and

counters are stored in the SFR register, and each


element has a unique address.
1
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 The Structure of an Embedded C
Program
 comments
 preprocessor directives
 global variables
 main() function
 {
 local variables
 statements
 …………..
 …………..
 }
 fun(1)
 {
 local variables
 statements
 …………..
 …………..
 } 1
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Comments:

In embedded C programming language, we can

place comments in our code which helps the


reader to understand the code easily.
C=a+b; /* add two variables whose value is stored in
another variable C*/

Preprocessor directives:

All the functions of the embedded C software are

included in the preprocessor library like


“#include<reg51.h>, #defines”.
These functions are executed at the time of
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Global variable

A global variable is a variable that is declared


before the main function, and can be accessed
on any function in the program.

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Local
variable
A local variable is a variable declared within
a function, and it is valid only to be used
within that function.

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Main () function
The execution of a program starts with the main
function. Every program uses only one main ()
function.

Advantages of embedded C program

Its takes less time to develop application


program.
It reduces complexity of the program.

It is easy to verify and understand.


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It is portable in nature from one controller to
 Examples of a few Embedded C Programs

 The following are a few simple Embedded C

programs used for microcontroller-based

projects.

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0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
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