TECHKRITI

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ROADS MATERIAL LABORATORY

MADE BY:- RIYA

 AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE TEST
• Objective: To determine crushing strength of given aggregate sample
• IS Standards used: IS-2386 Part- 4 and BS: 2009
• This is one of the major mechanical properties required in a road stone.
• The test evaluates the ability of the aggregates used in road construction to withstand the
stresses induced by moving vehicles in the form of crushing. With this, the aggregates should
also provide sufficient resistance to crushing under the roller during construction and under
rigid tyre rims of heavily loaded animal drawn vehicles.
• The crushing strength or aggregate crushing value of a given road aggregate is found out as
per IS-2386 Part- 4. The aggregate crushing value provides a relative measure of resistance to
crushing under a gradually applied compressive load.
• To achieve a high quality of pavement aggregate possessing low aggregate crushing value
should be preferred. The aggregate crushing value of the coarse aggregates used for cement
concrete pavement at surface should not exceed 30% and aggregates used for concrete
other than for wearing surfaces, shall not exceed 45% as specified by Indian Standard (IS)
and Indian Road Congress (IRC)..
Apparatus
• A steel cylinder of internal diameter 15.2 cm (Steel cylinder with open
ends).
• A square base plate, plunger having a piston diameter of 15 cm.
• A cylindrical measure of internal diameter of 11.5 cm and height 18
cm.
• Steel tamping rod having diameter of 1.6 cm length 45 to 60 cm.
• Balance of capacity 3 kg with accuracy up to 1 gm.
• Compression testing machines capable of applying load of 40 tonnes
at a loading rate of 4 tonnes per minute. Experimental
Procedure
1. The aggregate in surface-dry condition before testing and passing 12.5 mm sieve and retained on 10 mm sieve is
selected.
2. The cylindrical measure is filled by the test sample of the aggregate in three layers of approximately equal depth,
each layer being tamped 25 times by the rounded end of the tamping rod
3. After the third layer is tamped, the aggregates at the top of the cylindrical measure are levelled off by using the
tamping rod as a straight edge. Then the test sample is weighed. Let that be W1 gm.
4. Then the cylinder of test apparatus is kept on the base plate and one third of the sample from cylindrical measure
is transferred into cylinder and tamped 25 times by rounded end of the tamping rod.
5. Similarly aggregate in three layers of approximately equal depth, each layer being tamped 25 times by rounded
end of the tamping rod.
6. Then the cylinder with test sample and plunger in position is placed on compression testing machine.
7. Load is then applied through the plunger at a uniform rate of 4 tonnes per minute until the total load is 40 tonnes
and the load are released.
8. Aggregates including the crushed position are removed from the cylinder and sieved on a 2.36mm IS sieve and
material, which passes this sieve, is collected and weighed. Let this be W2 gm.
9. The above step is repeated with second sample of the same aggregate.
10. Then the aggregate crushing value is defined as the ratio of weight of fines passing the specified IS sieve (W2 gm)
to the total weight of the sample (W1 gm)
Aggregate crushing value (%) =
(W2/W1)×100
 LOS ANGELES ABRASION TEST
• Objective: To determine the abrasion value of given aggregate sample
by conducting Los - Angeles abrasion test.
• IS Standards used: I.S.-2386 part-IV, ASTM C131.
• Abrasion is a measure of resistance to wear or hardness.
• It is an essentially property for road aggregates especially when used
in wearing coarse. Due to the movements of traffic, the road stones
used in the surfacing course are subjected to wearing actions at the
top. When traffic moves on the road the soil particle (sand) which
comes between the wheel and road surface causes abrasion on the
road stone. The abrasion test on aggregate is found as per I.S.-2386
partIV.
Apparatus
• Los-Angels machine consists of hollow steel cylinders closed at both ends. It is
mounted on a stub shaft about which it rotates on a horizontal axis. The
internal diameter of cylinder is 70 mm and length 50 mm. Cast Iron balls of
4.8cm dia and 390 to 445gm weight are used as abrasive charge. If abrasive
charges are not used then it is known as Attrition value.

• Abrasion tests on aggregates are generally carried out by any one of the
following methods-
(i). Los Angeles abrasion test.
(ii). Deval abrasion test.
(iii). Dorry abrasion test
 Procedure
1. Clean and dry aggregate sample confirming to one of the grading A to G is used for the
test.
2. Aggregates weighing 5 kg for grading A, B, C or D and 10 kg for grading E, F or G may be
taken as test specimen and placed in the cylinder.
3. The abrasive charge is also chosen in accordance with table no.1 and placed in the
cylinder of the machine, and cover is fixed to make dust tight.
4. The machine is rotated at a speed of 30 to 33 revolutions per minute.
5. The machine is rotated for 500 revolutions for grading A, B, C and D, for grading E, F and G,
it shall be rotated for 1000 revolutions.
6. After the desired number of revolutions, the machine is stopped and the material is
discharged from the machine taking care to take out entire stone dust.
7. Using a sieve of size larger than 1.70 mm I.S sieve, the material is first separated into two
parts and the finer position is taken out and sieved further on a 1.7 mm I.S sieve.
8. Let the original weight of aggregate be W1 gm, weight of aggregate retained on 1.70 mm
I.S sieve after the test be W2 gm .
Los Angeles abrasion value % = W1-W2 *100
W2
DEVALS
ABRASION
TEST
 DEVALS ABRASION TEST
• Abrasion is resistances offered by the aggregate against wearing
action of moving wheel.

• abrasion testing machine consists of two cylinders of the internal dia

200 mm 40 mm. The cylinders are mounted on a shaft inclined at 30
degree with axis of rotation Cast Iron balls of 4,8cm dia and 390 to
445gm weight are used as abrasive charge (six spheres are used as
abrasive charge). If abrasive charges are not used then it is known
attrition-value,
DUCTILITY TEST OF BITUMEN
• Objective: To determine the ductility value of the given bitumen sample.
• IS Standards used: IS 1203 – 1978
• In the flexible pavement construction where bitumen binders are used, it
is of significance that the binders form ductile film around the aggregate.
The binder material which does not possess sufficient ductility would
crack when flexed or elongated
• The ductility is expressed as the distance in centimeters to
which a standard briquette of bitumen can be stretched
before the thread break-under a standard test
temperature 22.5°c and with a rate of pull of 50+ 2.5 mm
per minutes
 Apparatus
1. Ductility machine
2. Briquette mould
3. Knife Sample

Preparation

1. Apply grease on the glass plate.

2. Arrange the end pieces and side pieces of the briquette mould on a glass
plate. Apply grease on the insides of the side pieces of the mould.
3. Heat the bitumen sample to a pouring consistency and carefully pour into the
mould.
 Experimental Procedure
1. Allow the sample to cool in air for about 30 to 40 minutes.
2. Immerse the mould with the plate in a water bath maintained at 27º C for 30 minutes
3. Take out the mould and cut off excess bitumen, if any, with a sharp hot knife.
4. Replace the mould back in water for 85 to 90 minutes, at 27º C
5. With the help of hot knife, remove the side pieces of the mould and separate the sample
from the plate
6. Carefully place the sample in the ductility machine on the plate provided. Fix the ends of
the mould to the plate.
7. Note the initial reading on the scale provided on the machine. It should be 0 (zero)
8. Start the ductility machine. The sample stretches and a thread is formed in the middle.
The sample stretches at a uniform rate of 50 2.5mm per minute.
9. The thread formed at the middle breaks after some distance. The distance up to which
the sample stretches before the thread breaks is recorded as the ductility value.
PENETRATION
TEST OF
BITUMEN
 PENETRATION TEST OF BITUMEN
• Objective: To determine the penetration value of the given bitumen sample
• IS Standards used: IS 1203 – 1978
• Various types and grades of bituminous materials are available for use in road making.
One of the ways of grading bitumen is in terms of its penetration value. Penetration
grading system of bitumen has been replaced in India by viscosity grading. However,
penetration test remains to be an important test which is retained in many binder
specifications.
• The penetration test determines the consistency of bituminous binders for the purpose of
grading them and for the purpose of giving an indication of the expected performance.
Penetration is determined by measuring the depth (in units of one tenth of a millimeter)
to which a standard needle with the needle assembly weighing 100 gm will penetrate
vertically at 25 ˚C standard temperature in 5 seconds of standard duration.
• The softer the bitumen, the larger will be the penetration. The penetration grades of
bitumen are generally designated as 80/100, 60/70, or 30/40 grade bitumen. 80/100
bitumen indicates that the penetration value of binder ranges from 8 mm to 10 mm.
 PROCEDURE
• soften the bitumen to a pouring consistency between 75% and 100 °c. stir it thoroughly
to make it homogenous and free from air bubbles and water.
• Pour the sample material into the container to a depth at least 15 mm more than the
expected penetration.
• Allow the sample containers to cool in atmosphere of temperature not lower than 15 °c
for one hour. Then place the containers at 25°c for a period of one hour.
• place the sample container under the needle of penetrometer.
• Set the dial to zero and release the needle exactly for 5 seconds. Note the final reading
on the dial and it is to be reported as penetration value.
• Take at least three measurements on the sample by testing at distance of not less than
10 mm apart.
• Disengage the needle and clean it with benzene and dry it carefully and against fix it
after each measurement.
SOFTENING POINT TEST
• Objective: To determine the softening point of the given bitumen sample.
• IS Standards used: IS 1203 – 1978
• Need and Scope: The Softening Point of bitumen or tar is the temperature
at which the substance attains particular degree of softening. As per IS:
334-2002, it is the temperature in ºC at which a standard ball passes
through a sample of bitumen in a mould and falls through a height of 2.5
cm, when heated under water or glycerine at specified conditions of test.
The binder should have sufficient fluidity before its applications in road
uses. The determination of softening point helps to know the temperature
up to which a bituminous binder should be heated for various road use
applications. Softening point is determined by ring and ball apparatus.
Apparatus
• Steel Balls
• Brass rings
• Support
• bath and Stirrer

• The softening point is the temperature at which the substance attains particular
degree of softening under specified condition of test.
• Usually it is determined by “Ring and Ball rest".
• The temperature at which the softened bitumen touches the Hotel plate placed at
a specified distance below the ring is recorded as the softening point of a
particular bitumen.
 Experimental Procedure
1. Preparation of test sample: Heat the material to a temperature between 75-100 ° C above its
softening point; stir until it is completely fluid and free from air bubbles and water. If
necessary, filter it through IS sieve 30. Place the rings on a metal plate which has been coated
with a mixture of equal parts of glycerine and dextrin. After cooling for 30 minutes in air, level
the material in the ring by removing the excess material with a warmed, sharp knife.
2. Assemble the apparatus with the rings, thermometer and ball guides in position.
3. Fill the bath with distilled water to a height of 50mm above the upper surface of the rings. The
starting temperature should be 5 °C.
4. Apply heat to the bath and stir the liquid so that the temperature rises at a uniform rate of 5 ±
0.5 °C per minute.
5. As the temperature increases the bituminous material softens and the balls sink through the
rings carrying a portion of the material with it.
6. Note the temperature when any of the steel balls with bituminous coating touches the bottom
plate.
 AGGREGATE SHAPE TEST
• Objective: To determine the combined flakiness and elongation Index
of the given coarse aggregate sample
• IS Standards used: IS: 2386(Part-I)-1963 (Reaffirmed 2007)
 Need and scope
1 . Flakiness Index: The flakiness index of an aggregate sample is the percentage by weight
of particles in it with least dimension (thickness) less than three-fifth of their mean
dimension. The flakiness index of an aggregate sample is determined by sieving the
sample of aggregates through specified sieves to separate the aggregates into fractions of
different sizes. Sizes of the sieves used for this purpose are :- 63 mm, 50 mm, 40 mm, 31.5
mm, 25 mm, 20 mm, 16 mm, 12.5 mm, 10 mm and 6.3 mm. The test is not applicable to
material passing a 6.30 mm test sieve and also for aggregates retained on 63 mm sieve.
2 . Elongation Index : The Elongation Index of aggregate is the percentage by weight of
particles, whose greatest dimension (length) is greater than one and four-fifth times (1.8)
their mean dimension. The elongation index of an aggregate sample is determined by
sieving the sample of aggregates through specified sieves to separate the aggregates into
fractions of different sizes. Sizes of the sieves used for this purpose are :- 50 mm, 40 mm,
31.5 mm, 25 mm, 20 mm, 16 mm, 12.5 mm, 10 mm and 6.3 mm. The test is not applicable
to material passing a 6.30 mm test sieve and for aggregates retained on 50 mm sieve.
FLAKINE
SS
INDEX
TEST
PROCEDURE- FLAKINESS INDEX
TEST
1. Sieve the sample through the sieves mentioned above in order to
divide the sample into fractions of various sizes, for example
fraction of sale passed through 50 mm sieve and retained on 40 mm
sieve is designated as 50- 40 mm size. A minimum of 200pieces of
each fraction to be tested are taken and weighed. It is denoted as
W1, W2, W3………etc
2. Try to pass the particles, with least dimension, through the slot of
size 0.6 times the mean size of the particles.
3. Note the weight of particles passing through the corresponding
slot. It is denoted as Y1,Y2,Y3…….etc..
Flakiness Index= (Y1+Y2+Y3…….)* 100 percent
(W1+W2+W3…..…)
ELONGNATION INDEX
TEST
ELONGNATION INDEX TEST
• The elongation index of an aggregate is the percentage
by weight of particles whose greatest dimension
(length) is greater than one and our fifth times (1.8
times) their mean dimension. This test is not applicable
to sign a smaller than 6.3(1/4”).

APPARATUS
1) standard length gauge
2) sieves of sizes 63, 50, 40, 31.5, 25, 20, 16, 12.5, 10 &
6.3 mm
3) A balance
PROCEDURE

1. Sieve the sample through various sidves and make fraction out of it
of different sizes. For example Articles passing through 63 mm sieve
and retained on 50 mm seieve constitute a fraction of size 63 - 50
mm
2. A minimum of 200 pieces of each fraction is taken and weighed. It is
denoted as W1 W2 W3 etc.
3. Try to pass the particles, with greatest dimension, through the slot
of size 1.8 times the meansite of of the particles.
4. Note the weight of particles retained. (not passing) on the
corresponding slot. It is denoted as X1,X2,X3....etc.
Elongation Index= (X1 + X2 + X3..) x
100 percent
(W₁ + W₂ + W₂......)
AGGREGAT
E IMPACT
VALUE TEST
 AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE
TEST
• Objective: To estimate the aggregate impact value of given sample.
• IS Standards used: IS: 2386(Part-4)-1963
• Need and scope: The ‘Aggregate Impact Value’ gives a relative measure of the
resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock or impact, which in some
aggregates differs from its resistance to a slow compressive load. The
property of a material to resist impact is known as toughness. Due to
movement of vehicles on the road the aggregates are subjected to impact
resulting in their breaking down into smaller pieces. The aggregates should
therefore have sufficient toughness to resist their disintegration due to
impact. This Characteristic is measured by impact value test. The aggregate
impact value is a measure of resistance to sudden impact or shock, which
may differ from its resistance to gradually applied compressive load
APPARATUS
An Impact Testing Machine complying the following:-
1. A metal hammer weighing 13.5 to 14 Kg, the lower end of which is cylindrical in
shape, 100 mm diameter and 50 mm length, with a 2 mm chamfer at the lower
edge. The Hammer slides freely between vertical guides so arranged that the
lower (cylindrical) part of the hammer is above and concentric with cup. The
hammer is raised by the handles to a height of 380 mm on the top of the test
sample in cup and is raised to fall over it by means of a releasing screw and lever.
Its height of fall can be adjusted with in range by means of screw.
2. A cylindrical steel cup of internal 75 mm diameter and depth 50 mm for measuring
aggregates. To retain aggregates under test, cylindrical cup-(100 mm diameter and
depth 50 mm) is required for emptying and filling the sample.
3. Other accessories required for the test is B.S. test sieves sizes 12.5mm, 10mm and
2.36 mm sieves, a straight metal tamping rod of circular cross section of 10mm
diameter and 230 mm long (bullet nosed at one end) and a balance to weigh.
PREPARATION OF THE TEST SAMPLE

• The test sample shall consist of the aggregate

the whole of which passes 12.5mm test sieve
and it retained on 10mm B.S. test sieve.
• The measure shall be filled about one third full
with the aggregate and tamped with 25 strokes
of the bullet nosed tamping rod. Further,
similar quantity of aggregate shall be added
and further tamping of 25 strokes given.
• The measure finally be filled to overflowing,
tamps 25 times and the surplus aggregate
struck off using the tamping rod as a straight
edge. The net weight of aggregate in measure
shall be determined