OBJECTIVE METHODS

PERSONALITY
INVENTORIES AND
QUESTIONNAIRES
PRESENTED BY :STELLA MARIA JOMI
MSC CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY[1st SEM]
JSS MEDICAL COLLEGE, MYSURU

SUBMITTED TO: SUDEEP .P.K

ASSISTANT PROFFESOR
DEPT OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY ,JSS HOSPITAL
 PERSONALITY TESTS
1.OBJECTIVE TESTS
⮚ NEO Pi-R
⮚ Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI)
⮚ 16 PF
2.PROJECTIVE TEST
⮚ Rorschach test
⮚ Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)
 OBJECTIVE TESTS
• An objective test is a psychological test that measures an individual’s
characteristics in a way that isn’t influenced by the examiner’s own believes
.They usually involves the administration of a bank of questions that are
marked and compared against standardized scoring mechanism.
• Objective test tend to have more validity than projective
tests.However,they are still upto subjects willingness and ability of
examinee to be open,honest and self-reflective enough to accurately
represent and report their true personality.
• They typically use multiple-choice items or numbered scales ,which include
range 1(strongly disagree) to 5 ( strongly agree).
• Some widely used personality self report measures are NEO
-Pi-R,MMPI/MMPI-2,16PF.
 1.NEO Pi-R

• The NEO PI-R, the standard questionnaire measure of the Five Factor
Model (FFM), provides a systematic assessment of emotional,
interpersonal, experiential, attitudinal, and motivational styles. This
detailed personality description can be a valuable resource for a variety of
professionals. The NEO PI-R is:

• A measure of all five dimensions of personality: Agreeableness (A),

Conscientiousness (C), Neuroticism (N), Extraversion (E), and Openness to
Experience (O).
• A 240-item questionnaire.
• Suitable for clients ages 17 and over.
• The version prior to the NEO-PI-3.
 Features and benefits
• The NEO Job Profiler helps make hiring decisions by weighing candidate's traits
against the qualities needed for success in a given position.
• The NEO Style Graph Booklet provides an innovative way to provide feedback to
respondents based on their NEO profiles. Each graph shows clients how their
particular FFM domain results interact with each other and form different areas of
their personality. It is helpful in occupational and clinical settings.
• The NEO Problems in Living Checklist offers additional information about NEO
Inventories results and aids clinicians in planning treatment and assessing
progress. Spotlighting particular problems individuals may be facing depending on
their test outcomes, it is excellent for providing information about client problems,
setting goals, and planning interventions.
• The Your NEO Summary feedback sheet enables you to give clients a summary of
their NEO performance.
 Administration/Scoring
• Form S, designed for self-reports, is appropriate for use with adults,
including individuals of college age.
• Form R, designed for observer reports, is written in the third person
for peer, spouse, or expert ratings. It can be used as an alternative
measure or as a supplement to self-reports from adult clients.
• Each item is rated on a 5-point scale.
• 2-part carbonless answer sheet, usable with either form, eliminates
the need for separate scoring keys or templates.
• Self-carbon page of the answer sheet contains item values for rapid
computation of scale raw scores.
• Three profile forms facilitate score-plotting and conversion to T
scores.
2.Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
• The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was developed
in 1937 by clinical psychologist Starke R. Hathaway and neuropsychiatrist
J. Charnley McKinley at the University of Minnesota.
• The test grew to become one of the most widely used psychological
assessments. It was utilized in psychology clinics, hospitals, correctional
facilities, and pre-employment screenings.
• MMPI is not a perfect test, it remains a valuable tool in the diagnosis and
treatment of mental illness.
 Types of MMPI Tests
• MMPI-2: The revised edition of the test was released in 1989 as the MMPI-2.
• Butcher JN, Graham JR, Ben-Porath YS, Tellegen A, Dahlstrom WG, Kaemmer B.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2. Pearson Assessments; 1989.
• The test received revision again in 2001 and updates in 2003 and 2009, and it's still in
use today as the most frequently used clinical assessment test.
• MMPI-2-RF: Another edition of the test, published in 2008, is known as the Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF), an alternative to
the MMPI-2.
• MMPI-A: There is also an MMPI, published in 1992, that's geared toward adolescents
aged 14 to 18 years old called the MMPI-A. With 478 questions, it takes about an hour
to complete.
• MMPI-A-RF: In 2016, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent-
Restructured Form (MMPI-A-RF) was published. Like the MMPI-2-RF, it's shorter, with
just 241 questions that take 25 to 45 minutes to answer.
• MMPI-3: The latest version of the instrument, MMPI-3, was released in 2020. The test
takes 25 to 50 minutes to complete and is available in English, Spanish, and French
 Taking the MMPI Test
• The MMPI-2 contains 567 test items and takes approximately 60 to 90
minutes to complete. The MMPI-2-RF contains 338 questions and takes
around 35 to 50 minutes to finish. The MMPI-3 contains 335 self-report
items and takes 25 to 35 minutes to administer by computer and 35 to 40
minutes to administer by paper and pencil.
• The MMPI should be administered, scored, and interpreted by a
professional, preferably a clinical psychologist or psychiatrist, who has
received special training in MMPI use.
• The MMPI can be administered individually or in groups and computerized
versions are available as well. Both the MMPI-2 and the MMPI-2-RF are
designed for individuals age 18 years and older.
 What the MMPI Test Measures
Scale 1—Hypochondriasis
This scale was designed to assess a neurotic concern over bodily functioning.
The items on this scale concern physical symptoms and well-being. It was
originally developed to identify people displaying the symptoms of
hypochondria, or a tendency to believe that one has an undiagnosed medical
condition.
Scale 2—Depression
This scale was originally designed to identify depression, characterized by
poor morale, lack of hope in the future, and general dissatisfaction with one's
own life situation. Very high scores may indicate depression, while moderate
scores tend to reveal a general dissatisfaction with one’s life.
Scale 3—Hysteria
The third scale was originally designed to identify those who display hysteria
or physical complaints in stressful situations. Those who are well-educated
and of a high social class tend to score higher on this scale. Women also tend
to score higher than men on this scale.
Scale 4—Psychopathic Deviate
Originally developed to identify psychopathic individuals, this scale measures
social deviation, lack of acceptance of authority, and amorality (a disregard
for morality). This scale can be thought of as a measure of disobedience and
antisocial behavior.
Scale 5—Masculinity-Femininity
This scale was designed by the original authors to identify what they referred
to as "homosexual tendencies," for which it was largely ineffective. Today, it is
used to assess how much or how little a person identifies how rigidly an
individual identifies with stereotypical male and female gender roles.
Scale 6—Paranoia
This scale was originally developed to identify individuals with paranoid symptoms such as
suspiciousness, feelings of persecution, grandiose self-concepts, excessive sensitivity, and rigid
attitudes. Those who score high on this scale tend to have paranoid or psychotic symptoms.

Scale 7—Psychasthenia
This diagnostic label is no longer used today and the symptoms described on this scale are
more reflective of anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.9 This scale was
originally used to measure excessive doubts, compulsions, obsessions, and unreasonable fears.

Scale 8—Schizophrenia
This scale was originally developed to identify individuals with schizophrenia. It reflects a wide
variety of areas including bizarre thought processes and peculiar perceptions, social alienation,
poor familial relationships, difficulties in concentration and impulse control, lack of deep
interests, disturbing questions of self-worth and self-identity, and sexual difficulties.
Scale 9—Hypomania
This scale was developed to identify characteristics of hypomania such as
elevated mood, hallucinations, delusions of grandeur, accelerated speech and
motor activity, irritability, flight of ideas, and brief periods of depression.

Scale 0—Social Introversion

This scale was developed later than the other nine scales. It's designed to
assess a person’s shyness and tendency to withdraw from social contacts and
responsibilities.
 MMPI Test Validity Scales
• Validity scales can show how accurate the test is, as well as to what degree
answers may have been distorted.The MMPI-2 uses the following scales.

• The L Scale:Also referred to as the lie scale, this "uncommon virtues"

validity scale was developed to detect attempts by individuals to present
themselves in a favorable light.
• The F Scale:This scale is used to detect attempts at overreporting.
Essentially, people who score high on this scale are trying to appear worse
than they really are, they may be in severe psychological distress, or they
may be just randomly answering questions without paying attention to what
the questions say.
• The K Scale:Sometimes referred to as the "defensiveness scale," this scale is
a more effective and less obvious way of detecting attempts to present
oneself in the best possible way by underreporting.
• Summary
The MMPI is the most frequently used and most
extensively researched psychological assessment tool. It is
used extensively to help doctors and therapists screen for
and diagnose mental health conditions. The test involves
completing a number of questions that correspond to
different scales that correspond to certain mental health
conditions. However, mental health professionals don't
rely on the results alone when making a diagnosis.
 3.Cattell's 16 Personality Factors
• Proposed by psychologist Raymond Cattell, who created a taxonomy of 16
different personality traits that could be used to describe and explain
individual differences between people's personalities.
• According to Cattell, there is a continuum of personality traits. In other
words, each person contains all of these 16 traits to a certain degree, but
they might be high in some traits and low in others.
 16 personality dimensions described by Cattell

1. Abstractedness: Imaginative versus practical

2. Apprehension: Worried versus confident
3. Dominance: Forceful versus submissive
4. Emotional stability: Calm versus high-strung
5. Liveliness: Spontaneous versus restrained
6. Openness to change: Flexible versus attached to the familiar
7. Perfectionism: Controlled versus undisciplined
8. Privateness: Discreet versus open
9. Reasoning: Abstract versus concrete
10. Rule-consciousness: Conforming versus non-conforming
11. Self-reliance: Self-sufficient versus dependent
12. Sensitivity: Tender-hearted versus tough-minded
13. Social boldness: Uninhibited versus shy
14. Tension: Inpatient versus relaxed
15. Vigilance: Suspicious versus trusting
16. Warmth: Outgoing versus reserved
 REFERENCE
• NEO Personality Inventory-Revised Paul T. Costa, Jr., PhD, and
Robert R. McCrae, PhD
• Test Measurement and research methods in behavioural
science A.K SINGH
THANK YOU!