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The document outlines the topic of sequences and series in Mathematics III, focusing on definitions, types, and properties of sequences, including finite and infinite sequences, as well as convergent, divergent, and oscillatory sequences. It also discusses infinite series, their convergence and divergence, and includes elementary properties and tests for convergence. The content is structured for a computer science and engineering student in their second year, third semester at Gargi Memorial Institute of Technology for the academic session 2022-2023.

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4 views

Presentation (22)

The document outlines the topic of sequences and series in Mathematics III, focusing on definitions, types, and properties of sequences, including finite and infinite sequences, as well as convergent, divergent, and oscillatory sequences. It also discusses infinite series, their convergence and divergence, and includes elementary properties and tests for convergence. The content is structured for a computer science and engineering student in their second year, third semester at Gargi Memorial Institute of Technology for the academic session 2022-2023.

Uploaded by

halderriya56732
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GARGI MEMORIAL INSTITUTE

OF
TECHNOLOGY
• Name. : Riya Halder
• Roll No. : 28100121063
• Reg No : 212810100110048
• Department : computer science and
engineering
• Subject : Mathematics III(differential
calculus)
• Subject code : BSC301
• Year : 2nd
• Semester : 3rd
• Session : 2022-2023
Topic : sequence and
series
• Sequence :
• A function f:N → S, where S is any nonempty set is called a
Sequence i.e., for each n∈ N, ∃ a unique element f(n) ∈ S.
The sequence is written as f(1), f(2), f(3), ......f(n)...., and
is denoted by {f(n)}, or <f(n)>, or (f(n)). If f(n) = n a , the
sequence is written as a1 a2 , ..... N aa a and denoted by ,
{ } < > ( ). Nnn a or a or a Here f(n) or n a are the nth
terms of the Sequence.
Ex. 1. 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 ,......... 2n ,.....(or) 2 < n >
Note : 1. If S ⊆ R then the sequence is called a real
sequence.

2. The range of a sequence is almost a countable set.


• Kinds of Sequences :
• 1. Finite Sequence: A sequence n < a > in which 0 n a nmN = ∀> ∈ is
said to
be a finite Sequence. i.e., A finite Sequence has a finite number of terms.
2. Infinite Sequence: A sequence, which is not finite, is an infinite
sequence.

• Bounds of a Sequence and Bounded


Sequence :
• 1. If ∃ a number ‘M’ n ∋ ≤ a M, ∀n∈ N, the Sequence n < a > is said to
be
bounded above or bounded on the right.
Ex. 1,1/2,1/3,....... Here an ≤ 1 ∀n ∈N
2. If ∃ a number ‘m’ , n ∋ a mn ≥ ∀∈N, the sequence n < a > is said to be
Bounded below or bounded on the left.
Ex. 1 , 2 , 3 ,.....here an ≥1 ∀n∈N
3. A sequence which is bounded above and below is said to be bounded.
• Limits of a Sequence :

Convergent, Divergent and Oscillatory Sequences :


• 1. Convergent Sequence: A sequence which tends to a
finite limit, say ‘l’ is called a Convergent Sequence. We
say that the sequence converges to ‘l’
2. Divergent Sequence: A sequence which tends to ±∞ is said to be
Divergent (or is said to diverge).
3. Oscillatory Sequence: A sequence which neither converges nor
diverges ,is called an Oscillatory Sequence.
• Infinite Series :
•

• Convergent, Divergent and Oscillatory Series


Let Σ Un be an infinite series. As , n → ∞ there are three
possibilities.
(a) Convergent series: As ,n →∞ →Sn a finite limit, say ‘s’ in which
case the
series is said to be convergent and ‘s’ is called its sum to infinity.

(b) Divergent series: If sn → ∞ or −∞ , the series said to be


divergent.
(c) Oscillatory Series: If n s does not tend to a unique limit either
finite or infinite it
• Geometric Series :
• Some Elementary Properties of Infinite
Series :
•
1. The convergence or divergence of an infinites series is
unaltered by an addition or deletion of a finite number
of terms from it.
2. If some or all the terms of a convergent series of
positive terms change their signs, the series will still be
convergent.
Series of Positive Terms :
• Consider the series in which all
terms beginning from a
particular term are +ve.
Let the first term from which all terms are
+ve be U1 Let Σ Un be such a convergent
series of +ve terms. Then, we observe that
the convergence is unaltered by any
rearrangement of the terms of the series.
• Theorem :
Tests for the Convergence of an Infinite Series :
• In order to study the nature of any given infinite series
of +ve terms regarding convergence or otherwise, a few
• P-Series test :
tests are given below.
• Comparison Tests

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