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LECTURE NINE. Science and Technology January 2023

The document discusses the relationship between science and technology, defining science as the systematic organization of knowledge and technology as its application. It outlines the differences between invention and innovation, highlights the roles of technology in development, and explains the process of technology transfer, including its types and importance, particularly in Africa. Additionally, it addresses challenges and the role of policy and research and development in facilitating technology transfer.

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Mathias Marko
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2 views24 pages

LECTURE NINE. Science and Technology January 2023

The document discusses the relationship between science and technology, defining science as the systematic organization of knowledge and technology as its application. It outlines the differences between invention and innovation, highlights the roles of technology in development, and explains the process of technology transfer, including its types and importance, particularly in Africa. Additionally, it addresses challenges and the role of policy and research and development in facilitating technology transfer.

Uploaded by

Mathias Marko
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE NINE: SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY

1
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

2
What is science?
Systematically builds and organizes
knowledge in the form of testable
explanations and predictions about the
universe.

Dr Sylivia Rutta 3
What is technology?

Technology is basically the


application of this scientific
knowledge.

Dr Sylivia Rutta 4
What is the relationship between
science and technology?

Dr Sylivia Rutta 5
Invention and innovation?
Discussion: What is the major
difference between invention and
innovation?

Dr Sylivia Rutta 6
Invention and innovation
The major difference between invention and
innovation is;

The invention is about coming up with a


completely new technology while the
innovation improving the existing version of
technology

Dr Sylivia Rutta 7
Main characteristics of science are as follows:
1.Objectivity
2.Verifiability
3.Reliability
4.Accuracy
5.Systematic
6.Exploration
7.Ethical Neutrality
8.Precision
9.Abstractness
10.Predictability
Dr Sylivia Rutta 8
The role of science &
Technology in fostering
development

Dr Sylivia Rutta 9
Roles of technology
 To increase production
 To increase life span
 Easy communication
 Increased productivity,
 raise of GDP
 increased consumption and exportation

 Science and technological progress has had impact in


sectors such as infrastructure, energy, industrial, health,
education, communication, financial, entertainment,
transport agricultural, and environmental protection to
name a few.
 The contributions of biotechnology and genetic engineering have
massively improved the agricultural sectors.
 What else?

Dr Sylivia Rutta 10
Transfer of technology (ToT) or
Technology transfer

Dr Sylivia Rutta 11
Transfer of technology (ToT) or Technology transfer
 Technology transfer is a complex and multi-
faceted phenomenon.
 Technology transfer or transfer of technology
(ToT), is the movement of data, designs,
inventions, materials, software, technical
knowledge or trade secrets from one
organisation to another or from one purpose
to another.
 The technology transfer process is guided by
the policies, procedures and values of each
organisation involved in the process.
Dr Sylivia Rutta 12
Definition of Technology transfer
Technology transfer is a process that permits
the flow of technology from a source
(donor) to a receiver.
The source is the owner or holder of
knowledge while the recipient is the
beneficiary of such knowledge.

Dr Sylivia Rutta 13
Dr Sylivia Rutta 14
Types of technology transfer
There are two kinds of technology transfer:
(1) Vertical Technology Transfer
(2) Horizontal Technology Transfer

Dr Sylivia Rutta 15
Vertical Technology Transfer

Vertical transfer refers to transfer of


technology from basic research to applied
research to development and then to
production respectively.
In other words, it is the transfer of an
embryonic technology (i.e. a pre-
commercialized or generic technology)
from an individual or institutional inventor.

Dr Sylivia Rutta 16
Horizontal Technology Transfer
Horizontal technology transfer refers to
the movement and use of technology
used in one place, organization, or
context to another place, organization,
or context.

Dr Sylivia Rutta 17
MEANS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
 Through movement of people
 Through equipment
 Through knowledge transfer
 Purposeful acquisition
– Licensing
– Franchise
– Joint venture
– Foreign direct investment
– Technological consortium & joint R&D

Dr Sylivia Rutta 18
The importance of technology transfer in Africa

Discussion:
 What role does technology
transfer have in Africa?
What role does ICT play in
development?

Dr Sylivia Rutta 19
Barriers to technological transfer in
Africa
 ???????

Dr Sylivia Rutta 20
Risks of the transfer to LDCs
 May result to technology dependency if the
recipient countries will totally depend on
importation instead of investing on research and
development (R&D).
What else???
?
?
?

Dr Sylivia Rutta 21
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: MAIN
ISSUES/CHALLENGES

???????

Dr Sylivia Rutta 22
Role of policy in TT/TOT
 A complex array of public policies and regulations affect
technology transfer, whether within a country or across
national borders.
 Broader policy environments also matter considerably,
including competition regulation, the efficiency and
depth of capital and labor markets, investments in
education and human capital, limitations on the domestic
or international circulation of skilled labor, openness to
international trade and investment, and the quality of
governance and institutions.
 Example of policies----fiscal subsidies , intellectual
property rights (IPRs) what else?????
Dr Sylivia Rutta 23
The role of R&D
(R&D)---Research plays a very crucial role in
the socio-economic development of any
society---including technological revolution.
Thus, R&D cannot be separated from the
development and competitive capacities and
capabilities of a nation.

Dr Sylivia Rutta 24

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