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ultrasound

Ultrasound is a medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the body's interior. It involves sending sound pulses into the body, capturing echoes that reflect back from tissues, and using these echoes to form 2D and 3D images. The technology has evolved from basic scans to advanced digital systems, enabling high-resolution imaging and innovative applications such as measuring blood flow and tissue health.

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6 views17 pages

ultrasound

Ultrasound is a medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the body's interior. It involves sending sound pulses into the body, capturing echoes that reflect back from tissues, and using these echoes to form 2D and 3D images. The technology has evolved from basic scans to advanced digital systems, enabling high-resolution imaging and innovative applications such as measuring blood flow and tissue health.

Uploaded by

bkhawaja568
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Ultrasound physics

• Wave
• Reflection
• Transmission
• Attenuation
• Transducer
• ultrasonic transducer
Ultrasound works as a medical imaging tool. Ultrasound uses high-
frequency sound waves (which humans can't hear) to create images of
the inside of the body.
• Ultrasound represents the frequency range above 20 kHz.
• Medical ultrasound uses frequencies in the range of 2 to 10 MHz, with
specialized ultrasound applications up to 50 MHz. like the skin, eyes,
or small blood vessels.
Sound waves are sent into the body:
A short pulse of sound energy is directed at the tissues.
Echoes are reflected back:
When the sound waves hit tissues, some of the waves bounce back as
echoes.
Echoes help form images:
These echoes are collected and recorded. The time it takes for the echoes
to return helps measure the depth of the tissues.
The strength (amplitude) of the echoes helps create the image, with
brighter spots representing stronger echoes.
Transducer: The device that sends the sound waves and detects the
echoes is called a transducer. It also helps guide the sound waves in the
right direction through the body.
2D and 3D Images: Ultrasound can create 2D images and can also be
used for measuring distances, volumes, blood flow, and even 3D
imaging of tissues and organs.
History and development of medical ultrasound .
Origin: Ultrasound technology was first developed after World War II
from sonar research used underwater. Initially, ultrasound was used to
detect brain problems like bleeding and tumors by measuring how
sound pulses moved through the brain.
Early Progress: In the 1960s, ultrasound technology advanced from
basic scans (called A-mode) to more detailed images (called B-mode).
These developments used analog electronics.
Modern Advancements: Over time, ultrasound technology improved
with better equipment, data collection, and processing. This led to the
creation of digital systems, real-time imaging, and electronic transducer
arrays (which send and receive sound waves).
Current Innovations:
Modern ultrasound includes high-resolution imaging, 3D scanning, and
new methods like enhanced imaging. To measure blood flow, Power
Doppler and Color Doppler are used.
These methods analyze the movement of blood using sound waves to
measure its speed and direction. Contrast agents have been introduced to
improve image quality, and research is now exploring uses like
measuring tissue health, delivering drugs precisely, and studying tissue
elasticity.
Reflection of ultrasound
The reflection of ultrasound waves at the boundary between two tissues.
Reflection at Tissue Boundaries:
Ultrasound waves reflect when they meet a boundary between two
different tissues. This happens because each tissue has its own ability to
reflect sound, known as acoustic impedance.
Reflection and Transmission Coefficients:
The reflection coefficient (RI) tells us how much sound is reflected back
when it hits the boundary.
The transmission coefficient (TI) tells us how much sound passes
through. These coefficients are related to the acoustic properties of the
tissues.
Example: For example, when ultrasound hits the fat-muscle boundary,
about 1% of the sound is reflected, and 99% passes through to deeper
tissues.
Reflected Sound:
When the sound waves reflect off a tissue, they can change direction and
phase. This means the pressure of the reflected sound wave is reversed
when moving from one type of tissue to another (from lower impedance
to higher impedance).
Smooth vs. Rough Boundaries: If the boundary is smooth and the
ultrasound beam is of low frequency (longer wavelength), the reflection
is clear. However, for high-frequency ultrasound, the wavelength is
smaller, and the boundary becomes rough, causing the echoes to scatter
and become less clear.
Non-perpendicular Incidence:
When the ultrasound beam hits the tissue at an angle, the reflected sound
also moves at the same angle.
This means that some of the sound might not be detected by the
transducer if it moves away from the source.
Summary:
The ultrasound waves reflect differently depending on the tissue
boundary, and this helps create images. The way sound reflects and
passes through different tissues is important for understanding how deep
the ultrasound can reach and how clearly the image will be.

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