Unit 2: Electromagnetism

Magnetic Circuit

Electromagnetic Induction
  Lecture 7: Magnetic Circuits
o Concept of flux density, field strength, permeability, MMF,
reluctance, their units, and relationships. (Theory) (definitions,
relation between Flux, mmf and reluctance)
 Lecture 8:
o Simple series magnetic circuit (one magnetic material along with
an air gap), comparison of electric and magnetic circuit. (Theory)

Lectur  Lecture 9:
o Numericals: To find flux, flux density, field strength, MMF,

e reluctance (Simple series magnetic circuit with and without air

gap)

Planni
 Lecture 10: Electromagnetic Induction
o Faradays Laws of electromagnetic induction, dynamically induced

ng
emf ( No numerical), Fleming’s right-hand rule, Statically (Self
and mutually) Induced EMF (Theory)
 Lecture 11:
o Self and mutual inductance, derivation of coefficient of coupling
of magnetically coupled two coils. Derivation for energy stored in
magnetic field
 Lecture 12:
o Numericals: To find self and mutually induced emf, self-
inductance, Mutual inductance, Coefficient of coupling, energy
stored.
Applications (Magic of Magnetism)

• Laptops &
Computers
• Robotics &
Automation (Sensors
& Actuators) Motor
• Maglev trains
Headphone
• Doorbells
• (MRI) machines
• Credit cards
• Vacuum cleaners
• Blenders
• Washing machines
• Hard drive Transformer
Generator
• Relays
Part A: Magnetic
Magnetic Flux density
circuit (B)
Terms related with Magnetic Field strength
Magnetic circuit (H)
• For straight conductor
Points to be discussed • For coil
whenever necessary
• Laws of Magnetism
Permeability (µ)
• Magnetic field

• Magnetic lines of force and • Absolute Permeability of free

their properties space /material
• Magnetic flux • Relative Permeability
• Flux due to current carrying
Magnetomotive Force
conductor (MMF)
• Cross and dot conductor
Reluctance and
• Right hand thumb rule
Permeance
• Flemings left hand Rule
 Terms related to magnetic circuits
Flux Density :
It is defined as 'The flux per unit area in a ∅ 𝑊𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑩=
plane at right angles to the flux is known 𝑨 𝑚
2

as 'flux density'.

Magnetic Field Strength For Straight Conductor For Coil/ solenoid

It is defined as 'the force experienced by

a unit N-pole (i.e. N-pole with 1 Wb of l
pole strength), when placed at any point
in a magnetic field is known as magnetic With N turns
field strength at that point

𝑰 𝑨𝒎𝒑 𝑵𝑰 𝑨𝒎𝒑 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔

𝑯= 𝑯=
𝟐 𝝅 𝒓 𝒎𝒕𝒓 𝒍 𝒎𝒕𝒓
 Permeability
It is defined as ability or ease with which the magnetic flux gets established in a given medium.
Air Cored Coil Iron Cored Coil

¿ 𝝁𝒓
𝑩𝟎 𝜶 𝑯 𝑩𝜶 𝑯
𝑩 𝟎=𝝁 𝑯 =𝝁𝟎 𝑯 𝑩=𝝁 𝑯
Absolute Permeability Absolute Permeability Relative
of free space /air/ vaccum of magnetic material Permeability
−𝟕 𝑯 𝝁𝒓
𝝁𝟎 =𝟒 𝝅 𝒙 𝟏𝟎
𝒎
 Relation between MMF, Reluctance and Flux

Magnetic Circuit Electric Circuit

l

𝑴𝑴𝑭 ( 𝑭 )
∅= 𝑬
𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 ( 𝑺) 𝑰=
𝑹
𝑭 =∅ 𝑺
𝝁𝒓

𝑴𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 , 𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆

It is the force required to The opposition offered by the It is reciprocal of reluctance and
produce or create flux in a magnetic material to the passage is defined as ease or readiness
magnetic circuit. of magnetic flux is called as it's with which magnetic flux gets
reluctance developed
𝒍 𝑵𝑰 𝑨𝒎𝒑 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒏 𝟏 𝑾𝒆𝒃𝒆𝒓
𝑭 =𝑵𝑰=∅ 𝑺 𝑨𝒎𝒑 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒏 𝑺=
𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝒓 𝒂 ¿ ¿
∅ 𝑾𝒆𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑺 𝑨𝒎𝒑 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒏
 Comparison between Magnetic and
Electric Circuit
Magnetic Circuit Electric Circuit

List Similarities
F, ϕ, S, F=ϕ S, S=, E, I, R, E=IR, R=, G, ….
Permeance, ….
List Dissimilarities
Flow of current & flux set up, Energy Required, Insulation
 Numericals (to calculate values of following
parameters)
1

/
2 Magnetic /

5
Magnetic circuit with and without air gap
𝑭 =𝑵𝑰
𝑵𝑰
𝑯= 𝑬
𝒍 𝑰 =
𝒍 𝑹
ϕ 𝑺=
𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝒓 𝒂
𝑵𝑰
∅=
𝑺

𝒍𝒊
𝑺𝒊=
𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝒓 (𝒊 ) 𝒂

ϕag 𝒍 𝒂𝒈
𝑺 𝒂𝒈 =
𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝒓 (𝒂𝒈 ) 𝒂
ϕ
𝑵𝑰 𝑬
∅ =∅ 𝒂𝒈 = 𝑰=
𝑺 𝒊 + 𝑺 𝒂𝒈 𝑹𝒊 + 𝑹 𝒂𝒈
 Faradays Laws of Electromagnetic
Induction

Dynamically Induced EMF

Flemings Right Hand Rule

Part
Electromagn
B: Statically Induced EMF
etic • Self Induced EMF
Induction • Mutually Induced EMF

Self and Mutual Inductance

Coefficient of Coupling

Energy stored in Magnetic

Field
 Faradays Laws

First Law: Whenever the magnetic Φ1

flux linking with a conductor or a coil

changes, an emf gets induced in it.
Φ2

Second Law: The magnitude of EMF

𝑑∅
𝑒= 𝑁
induced in a conductor or coil is 𝑑 𝑡 volt

directly proportional to the rate of

change of flux linkages. 𝑑∅
𝑒=− 𝑁
𝑑 𝑡 volt(Lenz’s Law)
Dynamically Induced Statically Induced EMF
EMF
1) Self Induced EMF

𝒆 𝑫 =𝑩𝒍𝒗 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕

es

Flemings right hand rule 2) Mutually Induced EMF

 Self and Mutual Inductance Coefficient of Coupling

M
• Definitions
• Factors affecting value of L and
M
L1 L2
𝟐
𝑵∅ 𝑵
𝟐
𝑵 𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝒓 𝒂
𝑳= = = Henry
𝑰 𝑺 𝒍
---(1) 𝑴
𝑲=
𝑴=
𝑵𝟐∅𝟐 𝑵𝟏∅𝟏
= Henry
√ 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 ---(2)

𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐 𝑵 𝟏 𝑵 𝟐 𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝒓 𝒂 ---(3)
𝐌= 𝐌=
𝑺 𝒍
---(4)
 Numericals
Energy stored in
(to calculate values of following
Magnetic Field
parameters)
𝒅∅
𝒆=− 𝑵
𝒅𝒕
𝟐
𝒅𝒊 𝑵∅ 𝑵 𝑵 𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝒓 𝒂
𝟐
Ø
𝒆 𝒔 =− 𝑳 𝑳= = =
𝒅𝒕 𝑰 𝑺 𝒍
eS
𝒅∅ 𝟐 𝑵 𝟐 ∅ 𝟐 𝒅𝒊𝟏 𝑁 2 𝐾 1 ∅ 1 𝒅𝒊𝟏 𝒅𝒊𝟏
𝒆 𝟐𝟏 =− 𝑵 𝟐 =− = =− 𝑴
𝒅𝒕 𝑰 𝟏 𝒅𝒕 𝐼 1 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅∅ 𝟏 𝑵 𝟏 ∅ 𝟏 𝒅𝒊 𝟐 𝑁 1 𝐾 2 ∅ 2 𝒅𝒊𝟐 𝒅𝒊𝟐
𝒆 𝟏𝟐 =−𝑵 𝟏 =− = =− 𝑴
𝒅𝒕 𝑰 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 𝐼 2 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Energy stored Joule
=
𝑴 Energy stored
𝑲=
√ 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐
 Sample Questions from Magnetic Circuits
1. Define the following terms related with magnetic circuit. State their
units also (2 M each).
a. Magnetic flux density
b. Magnetic field strength
c. Permeability
d. Magnetomotive force
e. Reluctance
f. Permeance
2. Derive the relation between Magnetomotive force, magnetic flux and
reluctance (4M)
3. Compare Magnetic and Electric Circuit clearly mentioning similarities
and dissimilarities (6-8 M)
4. Explain how flux in air gap can be calculated in case of a magnetic ring
having mean diameter of D mtrs with air gap of length as lag mtrs
(6M).
 Sample theory Questions from Electromagnetic
Induction
1. State faradays Laws of Electromagnetic Induction (4M)
2. Explain concept of dynamically induced emf (4M)
3. State Flemings Right hand rule and its application (4M)
4. Explain self and Mutually Induced EMF (4-6 M)
5. Define self-Inductance and state the factors affecting it (4M)
6. Define Mutual Inductance and state the factors affecting it (4M)
7. Compare self and mutual Inductance (4M)
8. Derive the expression for coefficient of Coupling (6M)
9. Derive the expression for energy stored in magnetic field (4M)
*Questions can be clubbed to get appropriate weightage