Television - the art of image transmission

and reception

CAMERA

TELEVISION
CCD - solid
state image
recording
Electronic signals in PAL, NTSC
standards

TELEVISION
 Figure 1
J.S. Zarach and Noel M. Morris, Television principles & practice
What you have seen only converted the brightness of a single spot to
a voltage or current flow. What about converting the entire image
plane?

A scanning mechanism is required to convert every point on the image

to its corresponding voltage or current value.

What does the scanned waveform looks like?

 Suppose the image looks like the following

Line 1
Line 2
Line 3

Line 1 Line 2 Line 3

 Frame rate: Number of pictures scanned per second

Line 1
Line 2
Line 3

A single picture

One second

Pic 1 Pic 2 Pic 3 Pic M

M Frames/Pictures per second

 Picture Elements
A still picture is fundamentally an arrangement of many small dark
and light areas. Each small area of light or shade is a picture element
or picture details. All the elements contain the visual information
in the scene. If they are transmitted and reproduce in the same degree
of light or shade as the original and proper position, the picture will
be reproduce.
Reproducing a picture by
Duplicating its picture elements

A Still Picture Magnified view to show

Picture elements
 Horizontal and vertical
scanning 8

The television picture is scanned in a sequential series of horizontal lines one under
the other. This scanning makes it possible for one video signal to include
all the elements for the entire picture.
The sequence for scanning all the picture elements is as follows:
 The electron beam sweeps across one horizontal line, covering all the picture
elements in that line
 At the end of each line, the beam is returned very quickly to the left side to begin
scanning the next horizontal line. The return time is called retrace or flyback. No
picture information is scanned during retrace because both the camera tube and
picture tube are blanked out for this period. The retraces must be very rapid since
they are wasted time in terms of picture information.
 When the beam is returned to the left side, its vertical position is lowered so that
the beam will scan the next lower line and not repeat over the same line. This is
accomplished by the vertical scanning motion of the beam, which is provided in
addition to horizontal scanning.
Typical H-scanning pattern
Typical V-scanning pattern
11
 Number of scanning lines per
frame 12

Maximum number of alternate light

and dark elements (lines) which
can be resolved by the eye is given
by
1
Nv 

= minimum resolving angle of the eye expressed in radians
= viewing distance /picture height =D/H
Experimentally it is found that D/H=4
=one minute=1/60 degree
N v 1  1 ( 180 1 60) 4 860
 Number of scanning lines per 13

frame
The effective number of lines N r  N v k 860 0.7 602

The values of k lies in between 0.65 to 0.75. While viewing picture having
motion eye can detect effective sharpness if line number is 500. Also the
channel bandwidth increases with increasing line numbers.
 Frame per second
The vertical scanning is at the rate of 30 Hz for the frame frequency of 30 frames
per second. The frame rate of 30 per second means that 625 lines for one
complete frame are scanned in 1/30 second.

Standard commercial motion picture practice 25 frames per second.

Persistence of vision
The impression made by light seen by the eye persists for a small fraction of a
second after the light source is removed. Therefore, if many views are presented to
the eye during this interval of persistence of vision, the eye will integrate them and
give the impression of seeing all the images at the same time.
 Fliker and elimination of fliker
15

 The rate of 25 frames per second, however, is not rapid

enough to allow the brightness of one picture to blend
smoothly into the next during the time when screen is black
between the frame. The result is a definite flicker of light as
the screen is made alternatively bright and dark.

 If it is possible to project each frame twice in screen the

flicker can be eliminated.
Interlaced Scanning
16

To achieve this the

horizontal sweep oscillator
is made to work at a
frequency of 15625 Hz
(312.5 × 50 = 15625) to
scan the same number of
lines per frame (15625/25
= 625 lines), but the
vertical sweep circuit is run
at a frequency of 50
instead of
In all 25 Hz.the beam scans 625
then,
lines (312.5 × 2 = 625) per
frame at the same rate of 15625
lines (312.5 × 50 = 15625) per
second. Therefore, with
interlaced scanning the flicker
effect is eliminated without
increasing the speed of scanning,
which in turn does not need any
increase in the channel
What a Television Broadcasting
Is?
Monochrome Television
Transmitter

8
 Monochrome Television Receiver
19

The receiver is of the heterodyne type and employs two or

three stages of intermediate frequency (IF) amplification. The
output from the last IF stage is demodulated to recover the
video signal.
 Sound Reception

The path of the sound signal is common with the picture signal from
antenna to the video detector section of the receiver. Here the two
signals are separated and fed to their respective channels. The
frequency modulated audio signal is demodulated after at least one
stage of amplification. The audio output from the FM detector is
given due amplification before feeding
it to the loudspeaker.
 Synchronization
21

To ensure perfect synchronization between the scene being

televised and the picture produced on the raster, synchronizing

5
8/10/200
PhD Defense, Anisur Rahman
pulses are transmitted during the retrace, i.e., fly-back intervals of
horizontal and vertical motions of the camera scanning beam. Thus,
in addition to carrying picture detail, the radiated signal at the
transmitter also contains synchronizing pulses. These pulses which
are distinct for horizontal and vertical motion control, are processed
at the receiver and fed to the picture tube sweep circuitry thus
ensuring that the receiver picture tube beam is in step with the
transmitter camera tube beam.
 Television Broadcast Channels
22

The band of frequencies assigned for transmission of the and

sound signals is a television channel. FCC assigned 6 MHz for a
channel
Frequency Channel No. Frequency Band (MHz)
Range
1 Not used
Low band VHF 2-4 54-60, 60-66, 66-72,

72-76 MHz Air Navigation 72-76

Low band VHF 5,6 76-82, 82-88
88-108 FM band 88-108
High band VHF 7,8,9,10,11,12, 174-180,180-186,186-
13 192,192-198,198-204,
204-210,210-216
UHF 14-83 470-890