MBA in Advanced Construction Management

Construction Quality
Management
Course Code: 247002CQM
Session No: 9
Title: QC Tools & Quality Improvement Tools

Dr. Unnati Agrawal

Assistant Professor
Course Content
Course Content
 Check
CheckSheet
Sheet

Quality Control Tools

Cause
Cause&&Effect
Effectdiagram
diagram

Pareto
ParetoDiagram
Diagram

Control
Controlcharts
charts

QC
QC Tools
Tools Run
RunCharts
Charts

Histogram
Histogramand
andPie-
Pie-Chart
Chart

Stratification
Stratification

Flow
Flow&&Scatter
ScatterDiagram
Diagram
Cause and Effect Diagram
Cause and Effect Diagram
Cause Effect

Machines Materials Manpower

Secondary cause

Primary cause

PROBLEM/DEFECT

Environment/Mother Earth Management Methods

Cause and Effect Diagram- Why?

• To identify and systematically list the different causes that can be

attributed to a problem (or an effect)

• To identify the reasons why a process goes out of control

• To decide which causes to investigate for process improvement.

Eg:

The analysis of “why?” for “what?”

is cause and effect diagram
Eg: Prepare for Variability in Quality Variability
Check Sheet
What is a check sheet?
Check Sheet

Check sheets are forms used for

• standardizing

• checking results of work

• verifying and collecting data

Eg-1: Assembly Operation Check List
Eg-2: Defect Analysis
Items for Check-Sheet
• Below items can be added , as necessary

1.The purpose of the checks

2.The items being checked

3.The methods of the checks

4.The dates and times of the checks

5.The person to perform the checks

6.The results
Control Charts
• Are a statistical process control tool used to determine if a business
process is in a state of control
• A control chart consists of:
1. Points representing a statistic (e.g., a mean, range, proportion) of
measurements of a quality characteristic in samples taken from the process
at different times
2. The mean of this statistic using all the samples is calculated
3. A center line is drawn at the value of the mean of the statistic
4. The standard deviation of the statistic is also calculated using all the
samples
5. Upper and lower control limits, that indicate normal variation of the
process, are drawn typically at 3 standard deviations from the center line
 Eg: Variation in Compressive Strength of
Concrete
x-bar control chart

Avg Strength CL UCL LCL

60.00

55.00
comp strength (MPa)

50.00

45.00

40.00

35.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

sample no
Flow Charts
• The flowchart is a pictorial tool that is used for representing processes in
sequential order.
• A flowchart uses graphic symbols to depict the nature and flow of the
steps in a process. It helps one see whether the steps of the process are
logical, uncover problems or miscommunications, define the boundaries
of a process, and develop a common base of knowledge about a
process.
• The flow of steps is indicated with arrows connecting the symbols.
Flowcharts can be applied at all stages of the project life cycle
Symbols
Eg:
Histogram
• Histogram shows a bar chart of accumulated data and provides the
easiest way to evaluate the distribution of data .

• The sizes of the vertical bars reflects the number of data that fall
into these spaces.
Histogram- Application
• To analyze processes and discover items to be improved
• To research process capability
• To verify effects of an improvement
• To tell relative frequency of occurrence.
• To easily see the distribution of the data.
• To see if there is variation in the data.
• To make future predictions based on the data.
 Types of Distribution
Normal distribution Positively skewed Negatively
skewed
Eg: Employees
reporting time
Tool 6: Principle
Pareto Pareto Chart
Pareto Charts
Pareto Principle
• Pareto principle holds good to the present day in various applications
• ‘ A few causes lead to many defects;
• many causes lead to few defects.’

• The few causes that lead to many defects are the vital few.

• The many causes that lead to few defects are the trivial many
Tool 6: Pareto Chart –
Eg: Identification
Example #2: Identificationand Rectification
and Rectification ofIssues
of Quality Quality
in
Engineering Department of XYZ Electrical Limited
Issues in Engg Dept of XYZ Electrical Ltd
Tool 6: Pareto Chart –
Eg: Identification
Example #2: Identificationand Rectification
and Rectification ofIssues
of Quality Quality
in
Engineering Department of XYZ Electrical Limited
Issues in Engg Dept of XYZ Electrical Ltd
Tool 6: Pareto Chart –
Example #2: Identification and Rectification of Quality Issues in
Engineering Department of XYZ Electrical Limited
Pie Chart
• A pie chart is a circle divided into wedges to depict the proportions of
data or information in order to understand how they make up the whole.
The entire pie chart represents all the data, while each slice or wedge
represents a different class or group within the whole.
Run Chart
• A run chart is a graph plotted by showing measurement (data) against
time.
• Run charts are used to show the trends or changes in a process variation
over time over the average.
• They also can be used to determine if the pattern can be attributed to
common causes of variation, or if special causes of variation were
present.
• A run chart is also used to monitor process performance.
• Run charts can be used to track improvements that have been put in
place, checking to determine their success.
Ru
n
Ch
art
Scatter Diagram
• scatter diagram is a plot of one variable versus another.
• It is used to investigate the possible relationship between two variables
that both relate to the same event.
• It helps to know how one variable changes with respect to the other.
• It can be used to identify potential root causes of problems and to
evaluate cause and effect relationships.
Scatter Diagram
Scatter Diagram
Stratification
Collection of Data from other data
Stratification over a sufficient
number of units often gives rise
to patterns.
Location of these patterns often
contains much information about
the causes of defects

GOAL  Generation of
INFORMATION through DATA
ANALYSIS
PDCA & QC Tools
Case Study

Refer doc****
THANK YOU!!!!