Overview and Organization

of Computers
UNIT # 2
Applications of Computer
The various applications of computers in today's arena :

1. Business
2. Education
3. Marketing
4. Banking
5. Insurance
6. Communication
7. Health Care
8. Military
9. Engineering Design
 Applications of
Computer(Description)
Business
A computer has
high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or
versatility which made it an integrated part in all business
organizations.
Computer is used in business organizations for:
 Payroll calculations, Sales analysis, Budgeting, Financial
forecasting, Managing employees database and Maintenance of
stocks etc.
Applications of
Computer(Description)
Education
Computers have its dominant use in the education field which can
significantly enhance performance in learning.
 Even distance learning is made productive and effective through
internet and video-based classes.
Researchers have massive usage of these computers in their work
from the starting to till the end of their scholarly work.
Applications of
Computer(Description)
Marketing
In marketing, uses of computer are :
Advertising
 With computers, advertising professionals
 create art and graphics,
 write and revise copy,
 and print and publish ads with the goal of selling more products.
Home Shopping -
Home shopping has been made possible through use of computerized catalogues
that provide access to product information and permit direct entry of orders to be
filled by the customers.
Applications of
Computer(Description)
Banking
Today banking is almost totally dependent on computer.
Banks provide the facilities of:
 Banks provide online accounting facility, which includes current
balances, deposits, overdrafts, interest charges, shares, and trustee
records.
 ATM machines are making it even easier for customers to deal with
banks.
 Applications of
Computer(Description)
 Insurance
Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of computers.
 The insurance companies, finance houses and stock broking firms are widely using
computers for their concerns.
Communication
Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or speech that is received and
understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant for.
Some main areas in this category are: Chatting, E-mail, Usenet, FTP, Video-conferencing and
Telnet.
 Applications of
Computer(Description)

Military
Computers are the main tools which help in developing missiles and other equipment in the
deference system. Designing and the maintenance are possible only through computers.
Computer builds the links between the soldiers and commanders through the satellite. Construction
of weapons and controlling their function is not possible without the aid of computers.
 The list of the criminals and the records of the cops are maintained regularly in the system.
Engineering Design
aid in designing buildings, magazines, prints, newspapers, books and many others.
 The construction layouts are designed beautifully on system using different tools and software’s.
Health Care
Most of the medical information can now be digitized from the prescription to reports.
 Computation in the field of medicine allows us to offer varied miraculous therapies to the patients.
 ECG’s, radiotherapy wasn’t possible without computers.
Computer Buses
In computer architecture, a bus is a communication system that transfers
data between components inside a computer, or between computers.
For example, a bus carries data between a CPU and the system memory via
the motherboard.
A computer bus maintains a strict schedule, "picking up" data and
"dropping it off" at a regular interval.
For example, if a bus operates at a frequency of 200 MHz, it completes 200
million data transfers per second.
Types of Buses
Three major types of bus are used.
•Address bus - carries memory addresses from the processor
to other components such as primary storage and
input/output devices. ...
•Data bus - carries the data between the processor and other
components. ...
•Control bus - carries control signals from the processor to
other components.
 System Bus
•A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major
components of a computer system
• combining the functions of a data bus to carry information,
• an address bus to determine where it should be sent,
• and a control bus to determine its operation.
•The technique was developed to reduce costs and improve
modularity, and although popular in the 1970s and 1980s.
•More modern computers use a variety of separate buses adapted
to more specific needs.
System Bus
Computer Ports
A port is basically a physical point which is basically used to
connect the external devices to the computer
or we can say that A port act as an interface between computer and
the external devices,
e.g., we can hard drives, printers to the computer with the help of
ports.
Feature of Computer Ports
Features of Computer ports:
•We can connect external devices to the computer with the help of
ports and cables.
•These are basically slots on mother board where we connect external
devices or we can plugged in external devices through cables.
•Mouse, keyboards, printers, speakers are some of the example of
external devices that connected to the computer through ports.
 Types of Ports
1. Serial ports –
A serial port is basically a serial communication interface through which information transforms one bit
at a time. It is one of the oldest type of interfaces.
• These are basically used for external modems.
• These are basically available in two versions in market these are 9 pin, 25 pin model.
• Data travels at a speed of 115 kilo-bits per second.

2. Parallel ports –
A parallel port is basically a parallel communication interface through which information transforms
multiple bits at a time.
•These are basically used to connect peripherals such as scanner or printers.
•These are also known as printer port.
•These are available in 25 pin model.
•Data travels at a speed of 150 kilo bits per second.
Microprocessor
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work.
 It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small
components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
Examples
•Intel 4004 – The First Microprocessor.
•Intel 8085.
•Intel 8086.
•Intel Pentium 4.
•Intel Core i7.
•AMD Athlon.
Function of Microprocessor
The microprocessor is the central unit of a computer system that
performs
arithmetic and logic operations,
which generally include
 adding, subtracting, transferring numbers from one area to another,
and comparing two numbers.
Components of
Microprocessor
Microprocessor Components
•CPU.
•Bus.
•Memory.
Main/ Primary Memory
The main memory in a computer is called Random
Access Memory.
It is also known as RAM.
This is the part of the computer that stores
 operating system software,
 software applications and
 other information for the central processing unit (CPU) to have fast and
direct access when needed to perform tasks.
Types of RAM
DRAM
dynamic RAM is less expensive and slower.
dynamic RAM forms the larger system RAM space.
SRAM
Static RAM uses a completely different technology.
So static RAM is fast and expensive
Static RAM is used to create the CPU's speed-sensitive cache.
Secondary Memory
Secondary memory refers to storage devices,
such as hard drives and solid state drives.
For example, a computer may have a one terabyte hard drive, but
only 16 gigabytes of RAM.
That means the computer has roughly 64 times more secondary
memory than primary memory.
MotherBoard
A motherboard (also called mainboard, main circuit
board, system board, baseboard, planar board, logic
board) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in
general-purpose computers and other expandable
systems.
Secondary Storage Devices
Secondary storage devices are storage devices that operate
alongside the computer's primary storage, RAM, and cache
memory.
Examples of secondary storage devices include external
hard drives, USB flash drives, and tape drives. ...
Examples of secondary storage media include recordable
CDs and DVDs, floppy disks, and removable disks, such as
Zip disks and Jaz disks.
Secondary storage devices
Input Devices
UNIT # 3
 Input Devices
An input device is something you connect to a computer that sends
information into the computer.
An output device is something you connect to a computer that has
information sent to it.
Input and output devices allow the computer system to interact with the
outside world by moving data into and out of the system.
An input device is used to bring data into the system.
Types of I/O devices
Some input devices are:
•Keyboard
•Mouse
•Microphone
•Bar code reader
•Graphics tablet
An output device is used to send data out of the system. Some output devices are:
•Monitor
•Printer
•Speaker
Keyboard devices
A keyboard is one of the primary input devices used with a
computer.
Similar to an electric typewriter, a keyboard is composed of buttons
used to create letters, numbers, and symbols, and perform additional
functions.
Types of Key Board
8 Different Types of Keyboards Available In The Market
•Multimedia Keyboard.
•Mechanical keyboard.
•Wireless Keyboard.
•Virtual Keyboard.
•USB Keyboard.
•Ergonomic Keyboard.
•QWERTY Keyboard.
 Function Key
It is a keyboard modifier key that works like a Shift key to activate a second function on a dual-
purpose key.
Commonly found on laptop keyboards, the Fn key is used to control hardware functions such as
screen brightness and speaker volume.
Numeric Key
Numeric keypads make it easier to enter
large amounts of numeric data.
 Frequently, the keys on the numeric
keyboard also serve as cursor control keys.
Their meanings, therefore, depend on what
mode the numeric keypad is in.
In numeric mode , they represent numbers;
in cursor control mode , they are like
arrow keys.
Alphanumeric keys
This is the main typing area of the keyboard.
It is used to typetext and special characters as well as numbers.
The keys arepositioned much the same way as the
typewriter keys except foradditional keys such as the shift and
Control key.
It comprises ofthe following keys: A – Z, a – z, 0 – 9.
Point & Draw devices
A pointing device is an input interface that allows a user to
input spatial (i.e., continuous and multi-dimensional) data to
a computer.
Movements of the pointing device are echoed on the screen
by movements of the pointer (or cursor) and other visual
changes.
Trackball
In computing, a trackball is a pointing input device.
It consists of a ball held by a socket containing sensors to detect a
rotation of the ball about two axes.
It is like an upside-down mouse with a ball that sticks out.
The user rolls the ball with the thumb, fingers or the palm of the
hand to move a cursor.
Joystick
A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick
that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction
to the device it is controlling.
 A joystick, also known as the control column, is the
principal control device in the cockpit of many
civilian and military aircraft, either as a centre stick or
side-stick.
Mouse
The mouse is a hand-held device that transmits your
commands to the computer by controlling the movement of
the cursor/pointer on the computer screen.
 As you move the mouse, the pointer on the screen moves
in the same direction.
Light Pen
A light pen is a computer input device in the form of a light-
sensitive wand used in conjunction with a computer's cathode-ray
tube (CRT) display.
It allows the user to point to displayed objects or draw on the screen
in a similar way to a touchscreen but with greater positional accuracy.
Digitizer
A digitizer is a hardware device that receives analog information, such as sound
or light, and records it digitally.
 Usually, the information is stored in a file on a computing device.
This process is called digitization.
For example, a digital camera is a digitizer.
Light enters through the camera lens, and the hardware and software inside the
camera converts that information to binary data, and stores it an image file.
The user may then transfer the file to a computer, where he or she can edit the
image, print it out, or share it online.
Speech Recognition Device
Speech recognition is an input device.
It allows the user to input data to computer through voice.
Convert the human voice into text.
It first recognize word then convert the word into text.
For example
Google play system
Types of Speech Recognition
System
Uses of Speech Recognition
System
Data Scanning Devices
Flatbed Scanner
Hand Held Scanner
OCR
OMR
BCR
MICR
ECR
Vision Input System