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S5) Clase 4-0 - Defects

Defects in materials are imperfections in the atomic arrangement that can significantly affect their macroscopic properties. They are classified into four categories based on dimension: point, linear, planar, and volume defects, and can be intrinsic or extrinsic. Specific examples include vacancies, interstitials, dislocations, and various defects in ceramics like Frenkel and Schottky defects.

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3 views

S5) Clase 4-0 - Defects

Defects in materials are imperfections in the atomic arrangement that can significantly affect their macroscopic properties. They are classified into four categories based on dimension: point, linear, planar, and volume defects, and can be intrinsic or extrinsic. Specific examples include vacancies, interstitials, dislocations, and various defects in ceramics like Frenkel and Schottky defects.

Uploaded by

valentalva86
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Defects and

Imperfections
Defects have profound impact on the
What is a Defect??? macroscopic properties of materials

 An imperfection or a MISTAKE in the


regular periodic arrangement of atoms in a
crystal

 Can involve an irregularity in:


 Location
 Type

 Type and Number of defects depends on:


 Material
 Environment
 Processing conditions
Types of Defect Defects may be classified into 4 categories
depending on their DIMENSION:

 0-D, Point Defects:


 Vacancies – Atom missing
 Interstitials – Atom in Irregular place
 Impurity – Atom of other species

 1-D, Linear Defects:


 Dislocation – Group of atoms in irregular
place

 2-D, Planar Defects:


 Interfaces between homogeneous regions
of the material
 Grain Boundaries
 Second Phases
 External Surface

 3-D, Volume Defects:


 Pores
 Cracks
 Inclusions
Types of Defect
Defects may ALSO be classified into:

 Intrinsic – Required by Physical Laws

 Extrinsic – Present because of the environment


and/or processing conditions.
POINT Defect - Vacancies & Interstitials
POINT Defect - Vacancies & Interstitials

Ns = Number of regular lattice sites


kB = Boltzman constant

Qv = Energy needed to form a vacancy


T = Temperature (K)
POINT Defect - Vacancies & Interstitials

Example.-

Cooper
Fusion - 1084°C
Diffusion???
Example.- The lattice parameter is 0.3571 nm for FCC iron and 0.2866 nm for
BCC iron. Assume that carbon atoms have a radius of 0.071 nm.

BCC iron - Calculate the size of the FCC iron - Calculate the size of the
interstitial site at the 1/4, 1/2, 0 location interstitial site at the 1/2, 0, 0 location
with the help of Figure. with the help of Figure.
POINT Defect - Vacancies & Interstitials
CERAMICS
 Frenkel defect - A pair of point defects produced when an ion moves to create
an interstitial site, leaving behind a vacancy.

 Schottky defect - In order to maintain a neutral charge, a stoichiometric


number of cation and anion vacancies must form.
POINT Defect - Impurities
POINT Defect - Impurities
POINT Defect - Impurities
POINT Defect - Impurities
LINEAR Defect
LINEAR Defect
LINEAR Defect
LINEAR Defect
PLANAR Defect
VOLUME Defect
Defects and
Imperfections

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