ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN-II

BY AMANUEL LEMI
(MSC STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING)
 CHAPTER-FOUR
ANALYSIS, DESIGN & DETAILING OF
SLABS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 TYPES OF SLABS
4.3 ANALYSIS OF TWO-WAY SLABS
4.4 DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SLABS
4.5 DETAILING OF TWO WAY SLABS
4.6 EXAMPLE
 4.1 INTRODUCTION

• Slab is an important structural element which is constructed to

create flat surfaces, usually horizontal or sometimes inclined and
used in building floors, roofs, stairs, ceilings and bridge decks.
• Commonly, slabs are supported by beams, columns (concrete or
steel), walls, or the ground.
 4.2 TYPES OF SLAB SYSTEMS
Based on materials used for construction, load
transfer mechanism and purpose of the building
we can have different types of slabs.
1. Solid Slab
2. Flat Slab
3. Ribbed Slab
4. Waffle Slab
5. Dome and Shell Slab
6. Composite Slab
7. Pre/Post Tensioned Slab
 SOLID SLAB
• The slab which is supported on Beams and columns using a Reinforced concrete
material is called a conventional Solid slab.
• the thickness of the slab is small whereas the depth of the beam is large and load is
transferred to beams and then to columns
• It requires more formwork when compared with the flat slab
• In the conventional type of slab there is no need for providing column capitals or
column heads
• Based on the length and breadth of Conventional Solid Slab is classified into two
types
Ly
• One-Way Slab 2
Lx
• Two-Way Slab
 ONE-WAY SLAB
• One way slab is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to
carry the load along one direction.
• If the ratio of longer span (Ly) to shorter span (Lx) is equal or
greater than 2, considered as One-way slab.
• In this type, the slab will bend in one direction i.e in the direction
along its shorter span.
• However minimum reinforcement known as distribution steel is
provided along the longer span above the main reinforcement to
distribute the load uniformly and to resist temperature
Longer Span( Lyand
)
2
shrinkage stresses. Shorter Span( Lx )

• Is used for Verandah, Balcony, Staircase etc..

 TWO-WAY SLAB
• Two way slab is supported by beams on all the four sides and the loads are
carried by the supports along with both directions, it is known as two way slab.
• In two way slab, the ratio of longer span (Ly) to shorter span (Lx) is less than 2.
• The slabs are likely to bend along both the directions to the four supporting
edges and hence main reinforcement is provided in both the directions
• These types of slabs are used in constructing floors of multistoried building
• Two way slabs are floor system whose individual panels are rectangular and are
supported in such a way that two way action results.
• Therefore, the slab must be designed to take a proportionate share of the load in
each direction.
Longer Span( Ly )
2
Shorter Span( Lx )
(a) One-way slab (b) Two-way slab (c) Two-way slab (3D)
ADVANTAGES OF CONVENTIONAL DISADVANTAGES OF CONVENTIONAL
SOLID SLAB SOLID SLAB

• Good Lateral loads resistance

• The formwork is difficult
due to presence of beams
• Slab lightweight due to low • Reinforcement is difficult
thickness • Its Construction time is
• Construction of Large spans is high
possible
• Its Durable
• Its Economical
 4.3 ANALYSIS OF TWO-WAY SLABS
• Procedures to be followed while Analyzing Two-way Slab Systems

Depth Load Moment

Determination Calculation Analysis

1. Calculation of depth of slab for deflection requirement- based on

CES-149-2015 provisions
2. Load Analysis- Calculation of Loads on slab system (Dead-Load and
Live Load)
3. Moment Analysis(Unadjusted)- Determination of Moments in the
Longer and Shorter Spans
4. Moment Adjustment- Balancing of Moment at the support and Spans
CONT…
Analysis of Two-way Rectangular Slab using Code’s Coefficients (EBCS-2/95
or CES-149/2015)

• Slabs with side ratio less than 2 are treated as two way slabs and analysis can be
made by means of coefficients on the basis of the following assumptions and
procedures.

1. The slab is composed of rectangular panels, supported at all four edges by walls or
beams, stiff enough to be treated as an unyielding.

2. Slabs are subjected to uniform load or concentrated load which can be converted
to equivalent uniform load not exceeding 20% of the total load.

(Unyielding supports of slabs may be ensured by proportioning supports of slab with

depth larger than or equal to 2.5times thickness of slab. )
4.3.1 Depth Determination (CES-149-2015 provisions)
• To determine the total depth of the slab first we have to determine the effective
L
depth of each panel and select
deff  x the largest one
l x
d
Where Lx  short span length

lx
d  Limiting span to depth ratio

• The limiting span-to-depth(lx/d) ratio is given on CES-149/2015

Lx  0  0  2  500
3

section 7.4.2 page 127 as

 K  11  1.5 f ck *  3.2 fck   1  * if  0
d       f yk

Lx  0 1  '  500
K  11 1.5 f ck *  fck * if   0
d     ' 12 0  f yk

• Where: Lx/d-Limiting span-to-depth ratio

K- is the factor to account the different structural systems
Ρo-is the reference reinforcement ratio
CONT.…
• Note: here the effective depth (d) of the slab is affected by the selection of
parameters like: Concrete grade, Steel grade and tensile zone reinforcement
ratio (ρ-which varies from 15%-50%)
• So when ρ and Steel grade values increase the depth of the slab will increase.
and also when the Concrete grade increases the depth of the slab decreases.
• Since the formula of Limit span/depth ratio is derived for Fyk=500MPa we
have to use correction factor for steel grades other than S-500.
• Correction Factor (Fi) 𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝑭 𝒊=
𝒇 𝒚𝒌 Dtot d eff  Cover  
2
• The Total depth of panel is sum of effective depth, concrete cover and
half of the main reinforcement bar
 4.3.2 LOAD ANALYSIS
1. Dead Load
Here we will have different dead loads
• Dead load from floor finish
• Dead load from Cement Screed
• Dead load from RC slab (Self weight) DL  * t
• Dead load from plastering
• Dead load from Partition wall (DLpw)   Unit Weight of Materials
Lwall * HCB * t HCB * H wall
DLPW  t  Thickness of Materials
Apanel

And Total Dead Load Will be

DLtotal DLPW  DLRC  DL ff  DLCS  DL plastering

CONT.…
2. Live Load
• Based on purpose of rooms (panels) select live load category and live load
value.
 CONT…

• Design Load
The design load will be the combination of Dead Load
and Live load with their respective load factors.
Pd 1.35 DL  1.5 LL
 4.3.3 MOMENT ANALYSIS (UNADJUSTED)

Individual Moment Determination

Maximum moments for individual slab panels with edges either simply
supported (discontinuous) or fully fixed (continuous) are given by,

Mi = i Pd Lx2

Where Mi = design BM per unit width at point of reference.

i = Coefficient given in table A - 1, as a function of Ly/Lx & support condition
Pd = Design uniform load (KN/m2)
Lx , Ly = shorter and longer spans of the panel, respectively
Moment coefficient table given by EBCS-2/95 provide moment coefficients for nine
separate slab panels with different possible support conditions as shown below.

7 4 3 4

5 2 1 2

7 4 3 4

9 8 6 8

Fig: Possible two-way rectangular slab panel with different support

conditions
External edges are generally considered simply supported and continuous edges are
considered fully fixed
 Table 1: Bending Moment Coefficients for Rectangular Panels Supported on Four
Sides with Provision for Torsion at Corner

Long span
coefficients,
Values of l y l x
Support Coeff.  ys &  yf ,
Condition 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
for all values
of l y l x

1  xs 0.032 0.037 0.042 0.046 0.050 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.032

 xf 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.035 0.037 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.024

2  xs 0.039 0.044 0.048 0.052 0.055 0.058 0.063 0.067 0.039

 xf 0.029 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.041 0.043 0.047 0.050 0.029

3  xs 0.039 0.049 0.056 0.062 0.068 0.073 0.082 0.089 0.039

 xf 0.030 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.062 0.067 0.030

4  xs 0.047 0.056 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.078 0.087 0.093 0.047

 xf 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.059 0.065 0.070 0.036
5  xs 0.046 0.050 0.054 0.057 0.060 0.062 0.067 0.070
 xf 0.034 0.038 0.040 0.043 0.045 0.047 0.050 0.053 0.034

 xs 0.045
6
 xf 0.034 0.046 0.056 0.065 0.072 0.078 0.091 0.100 0.034

7  xs 0.057 0.065 0.071 0.076 0.081 0.084 0.092 0.098

 xf 0.043 0.048 0.053 0.057 0.060 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.044

8  xs 0.058
 xf 0.044 0.054 0.063 0.071 0.078 0.084 0.096 0.105 0.044

9  xf 0.056 0.065 0.074 0.081 0.087 0.092 0.103 0.111 0.056

 MOMENT ADJUSTMENT
• For each support over which the slab is continuous there will thus generally
be two different support moments.
• The difference may be distributed between the panels on either side of the
support to equalize their moments, as in the moment distribution method
for frames.
1. Support Moment Adjustment
Two methods of differing accuracy, are given here for treating the effects of this redistribution
M
on moments away from the support *100%  20%  Take Average
M l arg est
M left  M right
M balanced 
2
 M

¿
*100%  20%  Use Moment Distribution Method
M l arg est
CONT.…
2. Span Moment Adjustment
• If Support moment increases during adjustment no need of span moment
adjustment
• If support moment decreases during adjustment we have to adjust span
(field) moment
4.4 REINFORCEMENT
DESIGN
FIGURE –SLAB LAYOUT
FIGURE –UNADJUSTED
FIGURE –ADJUSTED
FIGURE -DETAIL