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1a Overview of Immune System 2

The document provides an overview of immunology, detailing the immune system's structure and functions, including innate and adaptive immunity. It describes various immune cells, organs, and the mechanisms of pathogen recognition and response, emphasizing the roles of antibodies and antigens. The document also outlines the factors influencing immunogenicity and the different types of immunoglobulins and their functions in the immune response.

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2 views

1a Overview of Immune System 2

The document provides an overview of immunology, detailing the immune system's structure and functions, including innate and adaptive immunity. It describes various immune cells, organs, and the mechanisms of pathogen recognition and response, emphasizing the roles of antibodies and antigens. The document also outlines the factors influencing immunogenicity and the different types of immunoglobulins and their functions in the immune response.

Uploaded by

NÅÑÐHÄ KŪMÂЯ
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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IMMUNOLOGY: principle & practice

Asit Ranjan Ghosh, Ph.D.


Senior Professor
Department of Integrative Biology

School of Bio Science & Technology,


Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) University, Vellore
Pathogens and all the other stuff
• Any biological agent that causes illness and/or disease to its
host. Also known as a germs, simple as that!

Different types of pathogens include


the following:

BUT! HOST HAS TO SURVIVE, HOW???


THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
What is immunity?
• Immunity is the body's ability to fight off
harmful micro-organisms –PATHOGENS- that
invade it.

• The immune system produces antibodies or


cells that can deactivate pathogens.

• Fungi, protozoans, bacteria, and viruses are all


The body’s defense against disease causing organisms,
potential pathogens.
malfunctioning cells, and foreign particles
WHO PARTICIPATE IN CONFERING
IMMUNITY?
Immunity
Innate immunity Adaptive immunity

Humoral Cell-mediated

Components Components
Macrophages antigen presenting cells
Granulocytes T-cells
Natural killer cells B-cells
Complement Antibodies
Other chemicals: HCL, lysozyme Complement

Characteristics Characteristics
* Action is immediate * Action requires days to develop
* Response is non-specific * Response is specific
* Response is not enhanced on * Response is enhanced on
repeated exposure to pathogen repeated exposure to pathogen
Cells of the Immune System
• Lymphoid Cells
– B-cells, T-cells and Null cells (NK cells)
– 20-40% of body’s leukocytes
– 99% of lymph node
– If inactivated said to be naïve
– Nucleus occupies almost entire cell
– 6 m diameter
Identifying Cell Using the CD
Nomenclature
• CD Cluster Of Differentiation
• Over 300 CD Markers
• T cells, CD4 or CD8 and CD3
• B cells, CD19
• NK cells, CD56
• Monocytes/Macrophages CD14
• Dendritic Cells, CD1c (Human), CD11c (mouse)
Mononuclear Cells

• Monocytes in Blood, M in Tissues


– Monocytes 5-10 times smaller than M
• M Increases Phagocytic Ability
• Secretes cytokines and Produces Hydrolytic Enzymes
• Named Based on Tissue They Reside
– Alveolar (lungs), Kupffer (liver), Microglial (brain),
Osteoclasts (bone)
• Activated By Phagocytosis or Cytokines (IFN)
• Antigen Presenting Capacity Thru MHC II
Monocyte vs M

M EFFECTIVE APC
Organs Of Immune System

• Primary Lymphoid Organs


– Bone Marrow and Thymus
– Maturation Site
• Secondary Lymphoid Organs
– Spleen, lymph nodes,
– MALT (mucosal associated lymph
tissue)
– GALT (gut associated lymph
tissue)
– Trap antigen, APC, Lymphocyte
Proliferation
Lymph Node
B-cells, Follicular
DCs, M, GCs,
Primary Follicles
TH, M, DCs

Plasma Cells
Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

• Mucous Membranes S.A=400m2


• Mucous Membr. Most Common
Pathogen Entry Site
• M.M Protected by MALT
• Organization Varies (most
organized P.P, Tonsils, appendix
• GI Tract, IEL Unique  TCRs
• Lamina Propia (below epithelium)
M, B cells, TH
• M Cell Allows Ag Entry, Unique
Architecture
HOW DEFENCE/ IMMUNITY MONITORED????
• First-Line Defenses /Innate Immune System- The
body's first line of defense against pathogens uses
mostly physical and chemical barriers such as
• Skin – acts as a barrier to invasion
• Sweat – has chemicals which can kill different
pathogens.
• Tears - have lysozyme which has powerful digestive
abilities that render antigens harmless.
• Saliva – also has lysozyme.
• Mucus - can trap pathogens, which are then sneezed,
coughed, washed away, or destroyed by chemicals.
• Stomach Acid – destroys pathogens
• Second-Line Defenses - If a pathogen is able to
get past the body's first line of defense, and an
infection starts, the body can rely on it's second
line of defense. This will result in what is called
an……….
• Inflammatory response causes
• Redness - due to capillary dilation resulting in
increased blood flow

• Heat -
• Swelling – due to passage of plasma from the
blood stream into the damaged tissue

• Pain – due mainly to tissue destruction and, to


a lesser extent, swelling.
• Loss of Function
Soluble factors
1- Acute phase protein (Plasma protein, CRP=C
Second line
reactive protein, Fibrin.)
2- Complement (proteins in serum, body
fluids)
3- Interferons (Proteins against viral
infections)
4- Properdin (Complement activation)
5- Beta lysine (Antibacterial protein from
Platelets)
6- Lactoferrrin,Transferrin (Iron binding protein)
7- Lactoperoxidase (Saliva & Milk)
8- Lysozyme (Hydrolyze cell wall)
PHAGOCYTOSIS- DISCIPLINED STEPS
HOW SMART CELL WORKS????
• Third-Line Defenses - Sometimes the second line of
defense is still not enough and the pathogen is then
heading for the body's last line of defense, the immune
system.

• The immune system recognizes, attacks, destroys, and


remembers each pathogen that enters the body. It does
this by making specialized cells and antibodies that
render the pathogens harmless.

• Unlike the first line and second line defense the immune
system differentiates among pathogens.

• For each type of pathogen, the immune system produces


cells that are specific for that particular pathogen.
• An antibody is a protein produced in response to
an antigen.
• Antigens are macromolecules that elicit an
immune response in the body. The most common
antigens are proteins and polysaccharides.
• Antigens can enter the body from the environment. These
include

• inhaled macromolecules (e.g., proteins on cat hairs that can


trigger an attack of asthma in susceptible people)

• ingested macromolecules (e.g., shellfish proteins that


trigger an allergic response in susceptible people)

• molecules that are introduced beneath the skin (e.g., on a


splinter or in an injected vaccine)
Types of Antigens
Exogenous Antigens
1- Bacterial antigens:

a- Antigens related to bacterial cells


- Somatic antigen (O): part of cell wall gm –ve bacter.
- Capsular antigen: usually polysaccharide (K)
- Flagellar Ag (H) : a protein made of flagellin
- Fimbrial Ag: surface antigens in fimbriated bacilli

b- Antigen secreted by bacteria:


- Exotoxins
- Enzymes

2- Viral antigens:
a- protein coat viral antigens
b- Soluble antigens (soluble nucleoproteins as in influenza)
Endogenous antigens
Human tissue antigens:

a- Blood group antigens:


A, B and Rh antigens

b- Histocompatibility antigens:

Glycoprotein molecules on all nucleotide cells:

- Major histocompatibility complex antigens (MHC)

- Human leucocyte antigen (HLA)


Factors influencing Immunogenicty
1-Foreigness :
Foreign substances are immunogenic

2- Molecular size:
High molecular weight increase immunogenicty

3- Chemical structure complexity:


High complexity increase immunogenicty

4- Route of administration:
Parenteral routes are more immunogenic to oral route
Immunity:
-APC’s
-Ag Processing
-Il-1 Production
-Ag Presentation
-Th Activation
-Il-2 Production
-Th Development
-Th1 and CMI
-Th2 and
Antibody
-Tc
Developement
-Tc Killing
B -Lymphocytes
Antibodies
• Also known as immunoglobulins
• Globular glycoproteins
• The heavy and light chains are polypeptides
• The chains are held together by disulphide
bridges
• Each ab has 2 identical ag binding sites – variable
regions.
• The order of amino acids in the variable region
determines the shape of the binding site
How Abs work
• Some act as labels to identify
antigens for phagocytes
• Some work as antitoxins i.e. they block toxins for
e.g. those causing diphtheria and tetanus
• Some attach to bacterial flagella making them
less active and easier for phagocytes to engulf
• Some cause agglutination (clumping together) of
bacteria making them less likely to spread
Different Immunoglobulins
Type Number of Site of action Functions
ag binding
sites
IgG 2 •Blood •Increase
•Tissue fluid macrophage activity
•CAN CROSS •Antitoxins
PLACENTA •Agglutination

IgM 10 •Blood Agglutination


•Tissue fluid

IgA 2 or 4 •Secretions (saliva, •Stop bacteria


tears, small intestine, adhering to host
vaginal, prostate, cells
nasal, breast milk) •Prevents bacteria
forming colonies on
mucous membranes

IgE 2 Tissues •Activate mast cells


 HISTAMINE
•Worm response
Immune Response

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