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Microencapsulation is a technique used to apply thin coatings to solid or liquid core materials, resulting in microcapsules or microspheres. This process has various applications, including stabilization of core materials, controlled release, and taste-masking, and can be achieved through methods like air suspension, coacervation, and spray drying. The choice of coating materials and methods is crucial for achieving desired properties and functionalities in pharmaceutical formulations.

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2 views

05_Microencapsulation_Edited-1 (1)-1

Microencapsulation is a technique used to apply thin coatings to solid or liquid core materials, resulting in microcapsules or microspheres. This process has various applications, including stabilization of core materials, controlled release, and taste-masking, and can be achieved through methods like air suspension, coacervation, and spray drying. The choice of coating materials and methods is crucial for achieving desired properties and functionalities in pharmaceutical formulations.

Uploaded by

Husna Baqar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Coating of Pharmaceuticals

Microencapsulation
Microencapsulation is a means of applying thin
uniform coatings (shell) to (core material) solids
dispersion (microspheres) or droplets of liquids
(microcapsules).
Microcapsule
s
Their diameters (From mm to 5000 mm)to a few
millimetres.
Microcapsules can have many different types and
structures:
a) Irregularly-shaped particles containing small
particles of solid core material dispersed in a
continuous polymer shell matrix )microspheres).
b) Simple droplets of liquid core material surrounded
by a spherical shell (Microcapsules)
Microencapsulated Solid Microencapsulated Liquid
(Microspheres) (Microcapsules)
application
Four important
ofareas
microencapsulation
of microencapsulation

application are :

1. The stabilization of core materials

2. The control of release or availability of core

materials

3. Separation of chemically reactive ingredients within

tablet or powder mixture.

4. Taste-masking.
Potential
Applications
Microencapsules can be

formulated as powders and

suspensions, single-layer tablets,

chewable tablets, creams,

ointments, aerosols,

Surgical/wound dressings,

plasters, suppositories, and

injectables.
Coating Materials

The coating material should:


• Be capable of film forming, chemically compatible and
non-reactive and provided desired coating properties,
such as strength, flexibility, impermeability, optical
properties, and stability.
• Examples:
- carboxy methyl cellulose - ethyl cellulose
- cellulose acetate phthalate - poly vinyl alcohol
- gelatin, gelatin- gum arabic - poly hydroxy cellulose
- waxes - chitosan
Microencapsulation methods

1.Air suspension (Fluidized Bed Coating/Drying)


2.Coacervation-phase separation
3.Spray drying (Spraying the dispersion)
4.Congealing (Melting and Coating)
5.Pan coating (Aqueous/Org. Solvent)
6.Solvent evaporation techniques
Microencapsulation Processes and Their Applicabilities

Approximate Applicable Microencapsulatio


Particle Size Core Material n
(µm) Process
35-5000 Solids Air suspension
600-5000 Solids Pan coating
1-5000 Solids & Multiorifice
liquids centrifugal

2-5000 Solids & Coacervation-


liquids phase
separation
5-5000 Solids & Solvent
-The upward hot
Air Suspension
air stream disperse
the solid particles (particle size
range 35-5000 µm) and the spray-
coating material is applied to the air ­
suspended particles, within the
coating chamber.
-During each pass through the
coating zone, the core material
receives an increment of coating
material.
The process generally is applicable
only to the encapsulation of solid
Mono-nuclear Poly-nuclear
Microcapsules Microcapsules
Coacervation-Phase
A coacervate is a tiny Separation
spherical droplet of assorted organic “ 
molecules (specifically, lipid molecules) which is held together by
” .hydrophobic forces from a surrounding liquid

Their name derives from the Latin “coacervare”, meaning “ To 

”.assemble together or form a Cluster


Coacervation-Phase Separation
Coacervation phase-separation consists of three steps:

Step 1 . Preparation of Coating material solution and


dispersion of core particles in coating solution
(vehicle ,Core and liquid coating).
Step 2 . Preparation of the coating material particles
(colloide formation ) in the dispersion (by changing,
pH, Temp, adding any salt, solvent or polymer.
Step 2 . Deposition of liquid coating material (colloidal) on
the surface of core material.
Step 3 . Rigidization (making part/stiffening) of the coating
by thermal , cross-linking (formaldehyde), or
desolvation techniques, to form a self-sustaining
microcapsule
Solvent evaporation

This method of microencapsulation is the most widely used due to:

1. Simple technique .

2. this method allow encapsulation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic

drug

3. this method allow encapsulation of solid and liquide drug

4. Microcapsule produced have wide size rang (5-5000µm)


Pan Coating

Pan Coating process is used


for solid particles greater than
600 microns in size.
The coating is applied as a
solution, to the desired solid
core material and warm air is
passed over for drying
Spray Drying

The Spray dryer equipment


and its components:

Microencapsulation is
conducted by dispersing a core
material in a coating solution, in
which the coating substance is
dissolved and in which the core
material is insoluble, and then by
atomizing the mixture into a
heated air stream.
Interfacial polymerization
It use the combination of reactive monomers of 
polymeric materials. The monomers are
dissolved in two different liquid phase. One
phase is dispersed in the other phase as core
.material
When both the phased come together by the 
addition of a stabilizing agent or emulsifier, the
monomers come closed to each other. The
monomer of dispersion medium form a coating
layer on the surface of disperse phase by
reaction with the monomers of the dispersion
.medium
Microcapsules add many functional
benefits

• particularly in skin care and treatment products


include :

 Acting as controlled release vehicles


 Offering stabilization of materials that would
otherwise
be unstable.
 Act as delivery enhancers for active ingredients.
 Complex coacervation allows core contents to be
varied to include almost any combination of oils,
waxes, fats, butters, flavors, lipophilic actives,
fragrances and other beneficial additives.
Dry Methods of Coating
Solvent Free Coating- 
Labour Safety- 
Environment friendly- 
Time and energy saving- 
No recovery of solvents- 
Compress Tablet Coat
The tablets are put in the soft core 
material and is compressed
Hot Melt Coating/Spray
Congealing
The coating material is kept in molten state at 
.suitable temperature
The core material is added into the coating 
.bed/chamber
The coating material is then sprayed 
continuously on the core material and dried at
.comparatively lower temperature
Hot melt coating/Spray Congealing

Microencapsulation by spray-congealing can be


accomplished with spray drying equipment when the
coating is applied as a melt .
Same as Spray Drying, except that the core
material is dispersed in a coating material melt
rather than coating solution.
Waxes, fatty acids polymers , alcohols, and sugars,
(solids at room temperature & melt at high temp) are
applicable to spray-congealing techniques.
Coating solidification (microencapsulation) is
accomplished by spraying the hot mixture into a cool
air stream.
Rotary Die Coating
.Similar to preparation of soft gelatin capsule 
The coating material is placed in the sheet form 
.on both sides of the die
Core material/liquid is placed in the 
center/selected spot in the die and passed
.through rollers
Super Critical Fluid Coating
The polymeric material is dissolved in CO2 
.under high pressure conditions
The core material is then added into the 
.solution and dispersed in it
After the rapid expansion/exposure of the 
dispersion, the carbon dioxide rapidly
.evaporates
This results in the formation of coat of the 
solution on the core surface, resulting in
.coating
Electrostatic Coating
An efficient method of applying coating to
.conductive substances (CORES)
An electric filed is produced in the
chamber (Fluidized Bed), in which
.particles are kept in motion on the bed
The cores are coated by spraying with
.coating material having opposite charges

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