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Separation in Chemistry

The document discusses various separation techniques in chemistry, including distillation, filtration, chromatography, and extraction, which isolate and purify components from mixtures based on their physical or chemical properties. It details simple and fractional distillation methods, their applications, and the principles of chromatography, particularly paper chromatography. Each technique is explained with step-by-step procedures and examples, highlighting their importance in purifying substances.

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Piason Barakasy
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2 views

Separation in Chemistry

The document discusses various separation techniques in chemistry, including distillation, filtration, chromatography, and extraction, which isolate and purify components from mixtures based on their physical or chemical properties. It details simple and fractional distillation methods, their applications, and the principles of chromatography, particularly paper chromatography. Each technique is explained with step-by-step procedures and examples, highlighting their importance in purifying substances.

Uploaded by

Piason Barakasy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Separation in

Chemistry
process that isolates and purifies individual components from a
mixture. This is achieved by exploiting differences in physical or
chemical properties between the substances in the mixture, such as
boiling point, solubility, or size.
Separation techniques in Chemistry

 Distillation: Separates liquids based on boiling points.


 Filtration: Separates solids from liquids based on particle size.
 Chromatography: Separates substances based on their interaction
with a stationary phase and a mobile phase.
 Extraction: Separates substances based on their solubility in
different solvents
distillation
the action of purifying a liquid by a process of heating and
cooling.
Simple Distillation

•Simple distillation involves heating the liquid mixture to the boiling

point and immediately condensing the resulting vapors.

•This method is only effective for mixtures wherein the boiling points

of the liquids are considerably different (a minimum difference of

25oC).
Fractional Distillation

Fractional distillation is often used to separate mixtures of liquids that

have similar boiling points. It involves several vaporization-

condensation steps (which takes place in a fractioning column).

A fractionating column is a piece of equipment used in distillation to

separate liquid mixtures based on the boiling points of their

components. It's essentially a tall, vertical vessel designed to create

a temperature gradient, allowing different fractions to condense and

separate at different heights.


examples

 Simple Distillation Examples:  Fractional Distillation Examples:


 Purifying water from a salt solution:  Separating components of crude oil:
 Heat the saltwater mixture, and the water vaporizes,  Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with
leaving the salt behind. The water vapor is then varying boiling points. Fractional distillation separates
condensed back into liquid form, resulting in pure these components into fractions like gasoline,
distilled water. kerosene, diesel, and heating oil, based on their boiling
point ranges.
 Separating ethanol from a water-ethanol
 Separating mixtures of volatile organic
solution:
compounds:
 In a simple distillation setup, the ethanol vaporizes
 When separating liquids with similar boiling points, like
and is collected as a distillate, leaving the water
behind. methanol, ethanol, and propanol, fractional distillation
is used to achieve a more efficient separation.
 Extracting essential oils from plants:
 Distilling ethanol from fermented beverages:
 Simple distillation can be used to separate the volatile
 Fractional distillation can be used to obtain higher
oils (essential oils) from plants by heating them in a
distillation apparatus and collecting the condensed purity ethanol from fermentation mixtures than simple
vapors. distillation alone, according to some sources.
 Separating components of mixtures containing
 Purifying fermented beverages:
several liquids:
 Distillation can be used to purify alcoholic beverages
 Fractional distillation can be used to separate mixtures
like wine, where the ethanol is separated from other
containing multiple miscible liquids, like water,
components by its lower boiling point
pentane, and hexane
Simple distillation

Here's a more detailed breakdown of the steps:


1.Preparation: The liquid mixture to be distilled is placed in a round-
bottom flask.
2.Heating: Heat is applied to the flask, and the liquid is heated to its
boiling point.
3.Vaporization: The liquid starts to evaporate, forming a vapor.
4.Condensation: The vapor travels through a condenser, where it
cools and condenses back into a liquid.
5.Collection: The condensed liquid (the distillate) is collected in a
separate flask
Fractional distillation

Here's a step-by-step breakdown:


1.Prepare the mixture: Load the liquid mixture into a distilling
flask.
2.Heat the mixture: Heat the flask, causing the liquid with the
lower boiling point to evaporate first.
3.Vaporize and pass through the fractionating column: The
vapor rises into the fractionating column, where the temperature
decreases upwards.
4.Condense the vapor: As the vapor rises, it cools, and
components with higher boiling points condense at lower points in
the column, while those with lower boiling points condense at
higher points.
5.Collect the distillate: The condensed liquid (distillate) is
collected in a separate container.
6.Repeat for multiple fractions: The process can be repeated at
different temperature levels to collect multiple fractions of the
mixture.
chromatography
Chromatography is the technique for the separation, purification, and
testing of compound
In this process, we apply the mixture to be separated on a stationary
phase (solid or liquid) and a pure solvent such as water or any gas is
allowed to move slowly over the stationary phase, carrying the
components separately as per their solubility in the pure solvent
Principles of Chromatography
Chromatography is a separation method where the analyte is
combined within a liquid or gaseous mobile phase., which is pumped
through a stationary phase. Usually one phase is hydrophilic and the
other is lipophilic. The components of the analyte interact differently
with these two phases. Depending on their polarity they spend more
or less time interacting with the stationary phase and are thus
retarded to a greater or lesser extent. This leads to the separation of
the different components present in the sample. Each sample
component elutes from the stationary phase at a specific time called
as retention time. As the components pass through the detector their
signal is recorded and plotted in the form of a chromatogram
Paper chromatography
A technique used to separate and identify mixtures of soluble
substances.
A technique used to separate and identify mixtures of soluble
substances.- Commonly used for inks, dyes, and plant
pigments.-
Based on solubility and movement through paper.
Principle of Chromatography-

Partitioning between:
- Stationary phase: Chromatography paper.
- - Mobile phase: Solvent (e.g., water, ethanol).
- - Substances separate based on:
- - Solubility in the solvent.
- - Affinity for the paper
Stationary Phase: The paper.
- Mobile Phase: The solvent that moves.
- Retention Factor (Rf): Rf = Distance moved by substance /
Distance moved by solvent front
Materials Needed
- Chromatography paper / filter paper- Pencil & ruler
- - Beaker or glass container
- - Solvent (e.g., water)- Sample (e.g., ink or plant pigment)
- - Watch glass or cov
Step-by-Step Procedure
1. Draw a pencil line 2 cm from the bottom.
2. 2. Spot the sample on the line.
3. 3. Dry the spots.
4. 4. Place the paper in the solvent (solvent below the line).
5. 5. Cover and allow solvent to rise.
6. 6. Remove paper before solvent reaches top.
7. 7. Mark solvent front & dry the paper
Applications-
Ink and dye analysis-
Food testing-
Drug detection-
Plant pigment identification-
Forensic science
. Chromatography Paper: Acts as the stationary phase.
2. Baseline: A pencil line where samples are placed.
3. Sample Spots: Dots of the mixture being separated.
4. Solvent: The mobile phase that moves up the paper.
5. Separated Spots: The different substances in the mixture separated by
the solvent.
6. Solvent Front: The furthest point reached by the solvent, used for
calculating Rf values

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