Unit II

Lesson 5
Different systems for energy storage and
Hybrid Systems for energy storage
Different systems for energy storage
 Energy storage technologies can be categorized by the form of energy stored and
accordingly as mechanical, electrochemical, chemical, thermal and electrical storage.
Mechanical Energy Storage
 Two basic types of mechanical energy storage resulting from the application of mechanical
forces.
1. Potential Energy 2. Kinetic Energy
Pumped hydro storage (PHS)
 is a method of storing energy by using the potential energy of water in two reservoirs at
different elevations.
Energy Input:
 Excess electricity generated during periods of low demand is used to pump
water from a lower reservoir into an upper reservoir.
Storage:
 The water in the upper reservoir now holds potential energy.
Generation:
 During high electricity demand,
water is released from the upper
reservoir through turbines, running the generators and producing electricity.
Mechanical Energy Storage
Pumped hydro storage (PHS)
Applications
Large-scale storage:
 PHS systems can store large amounts of energy, providing long-duration energy
storage capabilities.
Renewable energy integration:
 PHS systems balance the grid by absorbing excess generation from renewable
sources like solar and wind, which are intermittent.
Advantages
Reliability and flexibility:
 PHS systems are a reliable and flexible energy storage solution, capable of quickly
adjusting power generation to match demand.
Sustainable:
 By using water, PHS systems are a sustainable energy storage option.
 Efficiency is about 80%.
Mechanical Energy Storage
Pumped hydro storage (PHS)
Challenges
High initial costs:
 PHS require significant capital investment for construction and infrastructure.
Geological limitations:
 Suitable locations with enough elevation difference and suitable geology are
required.
Potential environmental impacts:
 Reservoirs can have environmental impacts on surrounding ecosystems, although
these can be mitigated through careful planning and design.
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
 Is a method of storing energy by compressing air and then releasing it to generate
electricity.
Compression:
 Excess electricity generated drives the compressor to pressurize the ambient air in
an underground cavern or an above-ground tank.
Mechanical Energy Storage
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
Storage:
 The compressed air stores the energy as pressure energy, a form of potential energy.
Generation:
 During high electricity demand, the compressed air is released and expanded,
driving a turbine, thus the generator to produce electricity.
Application
 CAES is used for large-scale, long-term electricity storage, beneficial for integrating
renewable energy sources into the power grid and its stability.
Advantages
Benefits:
Large-scale storage:
 making it suitable for utility-scale applications.
Long-term storage:
 store energy for extended periods, allowing the integration of intermittent
renewable energy sources like solar and wind.
Mechanical Energy Storage
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
Challenges
 Large amount of heat is generated during air compression which is usually wasted.
 long response time, low depth of discharge, and low roundtrip efficiency.
Flywheel energy storage systems
 Using excess electricity available during low power demand by an electric
motor(/generator), a heavy flywheel is rotated to a high speed (50000 RPM).

 When there is no electricity, still the flywheel rotates due to moment of inertia
(stored kinetic energy) and it runs the (electric motor)/generator, producing
electricity.
 Thus, flywheel provide a form of mechanical energy storage.
Mechanical Energy Storage
Flywheel energy storage systems
Key Components and Function:
Flywheel:
 The primary component, a heavy rotor that spins at
high speed and stores kinetic energy due to moment
of inertia.
Motor/Generator:
 An electrical machine that act as a motor to drive the
flywheel and store kinetic energy and as an electrical
generator using the stored kinetic energy.
Power Electronics:
 Converts electrical energy to drive the motor and then back to electrical energy
when the flywheel discharges.
Magnetic Bearings:
 Support the flywheel's shaft without friction, allowing it to spin at high speeds.
Vacuum Enclosure:
 Reduces air friction, allowing the flywheel to maintain its speed for longer.
Mechanical Energy Storage
Flywheel energy storage systems
Charging and Discharging:
1. Charging
 Electrical energy from the grid or a renewable source is used to drive the motor,
which accelerates the flywheel to a high speed, storing kinetic energy.
2. Discharging
 When energy is needed, the spinning flywheel drive the motor/generator to
produce electricity, which is then fed back into the grid or used to power a device.
Advantages:
High Efficiency:
 Flywheel systems can achieve very high efficiencies, with minimal energy loss
during storage and retrieval.
Fast Response:
 They can rapidly charge and discharge electricity, making them suitable for
balancing power grids and managing short-term energy fluctuations.
Mechanical Energy Storage
Flywheel energy storage systems
Long Lifespan:
 very long lifespans compared to traditional batteries, lasting for decades.
Environmental Benefits:
 less environmental impact than battery technologies and are sustainable.
Limitations
High Initial Cost:
 more expensive to set up than some other energy storage technologies.
Self-Discharge:
 flywheels do lose some energy over time due to friction, though less than batteries.
Limited Energy Density:
The amount of energy that can be stored per unit volume is lower than batteries.
Electrical Energy Storage
Supercapacitors
 Supercapacitors are made up of two
electrodes, an electrolyte and a porous
membrane separator
Electrostatic Double Layer Formation:
 When a voltage is applied, ions from the
electrolyte solution accumulate on the
surface of the oppositely charged electrodes,
forming an electric double layer.
Energy Storage and Release:
 Thus, the applied electrical energy is stored as electric double layer.
 When the voltage is removed, the ions move back to the electrolyte, causing
a current to flow from super capacitor.
 This process is much faster than chemical reactions in batteries, allowing
supercapacitors to charge and discharge quickly.
Electrical Energy Storage
Supercapacitors
Advantages
High Power Density:
 Supercapacitors can deliver large amounts of power quickly, making them suitable
for applications like regenerative braking in electric vehicles.
Fast Charging and Discharging:
 They can charge and discharge in seconds or minutes, offering rapid turnaround
times.
Long Cycle Life:
 They can endure millions of charge-discharge cycles without significant degradation,
making them a durable energy storage option.
Limitations
Lower Energy Density:
 store less energy per unit weight than batteries and more expensive than batteries.
Higher Self-Discharge Rate:
discharge more quickly than batteries, energy even when not in use.
Comparison of different energy storage systems (ESS)
 Energy storage systems properties are efficiency, specific energy, energy density,
cycle duration, self-discharge, etc.
 These properties determine the suitability of a particular storage device.
 The Super capacitors and flywheels come under the short duration (1 s to 15 min),
batteries in the medium (5 min to 24 h) duration while the compressed air and
pumped hydro energy storage systems fall under the long (days) duration ESSs.
Supercapacitors:
Strengths: High power density, fast charging/discharging, wide temperature range.
Weaknesses: Lower energy density compared to batteries, shorter lifespan.
Applications: Microgrids, low-voltage devices, applications requiring rapid power
bursts.
2. Pumped Hydro Storage:
Strengths: High efficiency, large-scale capacity, cost-effective.
Weaknesses: Requires specific geographical conditions, long construction times.
Applications: Grid-scale storage, power balancing, long-duration energy storage.
Comparison of different energy storage systems (ESS)
3. Lithium-Ion Batteries:
Strengths: High energy density, long lifespan, good energy storage performance.
Weaknesses: expensive, limited capacity compared to Pumped Hydro Storage.
Applications: Electric vehicles, stationary storage, grid-scale storage.
4. Lead-Acid Batteries:
Strengths: Lowest cost option, mature technology.
Weaknesses: Lower energy density, shorter lifespan compared to lithium-ion.
Applications: Backup power, low-cost energy storage applications.
5. Thermal Energy Storage (TES):
Strengths: Can store energy in the form of heat or cold.
Weaknesses: Lower efficiency compared to other systems and expensive.
Applications: Heating/cooling systems, industrial processes, grid-scale energy storage.
Comparison of different energy storage systems (ESS)
Hybrid energy storage systems (HESS)
 HESS combine two or more energy storage technologies to leverage their individual
strengths and mitigate weaknesses, resulting in improved overall performance and
efficiency.
 These systems are designed to be more versatile and adaptable to various energy
storage needs that can not be provided by a single energy storage system.
Combining Complementary Technologies:
 HESS combine technologies like batteries, supercapacitors, flywheels, and fuel cells,
each with its own strengths and weaknesses.
Ex: Batteries offer high energy density but slower response times, while
supercapacitors offer faster response time but have lower energy density.
Improved Performance:
 HESS can achieve higher overall energy density, faster response times, longer
lifespans, longer and larger energy storage and increased reliability.
Versatile Applications:
 HESS are used in various applications, including smart grids, electric vehicles, and
renewable energy systems.
Hybrid energy storage systems (HESS)
Examples of Hybrid Systems:
Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid:
 Batteries store energy for long-duration applications, while
supercapacitors handle peak power demands, extending battery
lifespan.
Battery-Flywheel Hybrid:
 Batteries store energy, while flywheels provide rapid power for grid
stabilization and peak shaving.
Battery-Fuel Cell Hybrid:
 Fuel cells can be used to supplement batteries in electric vehicles or
other applications, providing a longer range and quicker refueling.
Challenges of Hybrid Systems:
Complexity: Designing and managing HESS is more complex than single-
technology systems.
Integration: Ensuring seamless integration of multiple energy storage
technologies requires careful design and control strategies.
Cost: The cost of HESS can be higher than single-technology systems,
Thank You