ROTATING

ELECTRICAL
MACHINES
http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.a
u/jw/electricmotors.html
 Electric Motors
Alternating Current Direct Current (DC)
(AC) Motors Motors

Synchronous Induction Separately Self Excited

Excited

Single-Phase Three-Phase Series Compound Shunt

 Induction

• Current is only produced

if the magnet is moving
because a changing
magnetic field is what
creates current.
• If the magnetic field
does not change, such
as when the magnet is
stationary, the current is
zero.
 Induction

• If the magnetic field is increasing, the induced current is

in one direction.
• If the field is decreasing, the induced current is in the
opposite direction.
MAGNETISM

4
2
 Magnetism

• The magnetic field of a coil is identical to the

field of a disk-shaped permanent magnet.
 Electric Current and Magnetism
• The most common form of
electromagnetic device is
a coil with many turns
called a solenoid.
• A coil takes advantage of
these two techniques
(bundling wires and
making bundled wires into
coils) for increasing field
strength.
Electromagnets and the Electric Motor
 A t tr a ct

Rep el

R o to r

M a g n e ts o n th e o u ts i d e ( s ta to r )
p u s h a n d p u l l o n m a g n e ts o n th e
i n s i d e ( r o to r )
- Convert __________
electrical energy to _________
mechanic
_________
(motion)energy. al
- A Demo to illustrate a simple motor effect…
• When current in the solenoid is
in the direction shown, the
magnet will attract
_________.
in Why?

N
•When the direction of the
current is reversed, the magnet
S
repel Why?
will ______.
magnetic
The current produces a ___________ fieldwhich
________,
interacts with the magnetic field of the hanging magnet.
• Mechanical energy used to :
• Rotate pump impeller, fan, blower
• Drive compressors
• Lift materials
An Application: A Starter of generator…
(Demo)

When you turn the key, current is drawn from

the battery through the solenoid, creating a
magnetic field that ______
pulls the core into the
solenoid. Through a lever, the starter gear
(pinion) then moves
_____ ____ to engage the
flywheel
________, whichoutcauses the pistons to begin
to move up and down.
After the engine “starts” (combustion), and
you release the key, the starter gear moves
back away from the spinning flywheel.
 DC Electric Motor
• In a DC electric motor, the magnetic field is
_______
fixed and it’s the ___________________
current-carrying
that moves (spins). coil
• The current-carrying coil
moves because the
magnetic field it produces
interacts with the fixed
magnetic field present
in the motor.
• How do these 2 magnetic fields interact to
produce a rotation, you ask? Let’s see…..
 Another Right Hand Rule
A 2nd right hand rule can be used to find the
direction of the force on a current-carrying
wire that is placed in a magnetic field.
Direction of
Direction of current force on wire
(from + to -)
Thumb, index
finger, and
middle finger
are all at right
Direction of magnetic field
angles (like
(from North to South)
x, y, & z axes)
Examples (and Demos):
What direction is the force on the
current-carrying wire when placed in the
magnetic field in each case?
I The direction of the
S N force on the wire is
_______________
out of the
page
The direction of the
S N force on the wire is
_______________
into the page
I
 Back to the DC Electric Motor…
In a DC Motor, the wire is coiled into a loop
and placed between a fixed magnetic field.
The Right-Hand Rule can be used to
explain why the loop begins to rotate…

Top View:

N S

The direction of the force on the wire on the right

into the page
is ____________ from the top view perspective.
 So, what keeps the loop rotating?
Split-ring commutator
A _____________________ is used to change
the direction of the _________
force every half of a
rotation. Since the current through the coil
changes direction, the direction of the force on
the wires changes
________________.
direction
Split-Ring
Commutator

Split-Ring
Commutator

DEMO…
DC Motors – Components

• Field pole
• North pole and south pole
• Receive electricity to form
magnetic field

• Armature
• Cylinder between the poles
• Electromagnet when current goes through
• Linked to drive shaft to drive the load

• Commutator
• Overturns current direction in armature
 DC motor principles
• DC motors consist of rotor-mounted
windings (armature) and stationary
windings (field poles). In all DC motors,
except permanent magnet motors,
current must be conducted to the
armature windings by passing current
through carbon brushes that slide over
a set of copper surfaces called a
commutator, which is mounted on the
rotor.
Parts of an electric motor

 The commutator bars are soldered to armature coils. The brush/commutator

combination makes a sliding switch that energizes particular portions of the
armature, based on the position of the rotor. This process creates north and
south magnetic poles on the rotor that are attracted to or repelled by north
and south poles on the stator, which are formed by passing direct current
through the field windings. It's this magnetic attraction and repulsion that
causes the rotor to rotate.
Animation of DC Motor at ht
tp://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/electricmotor.htm
DC motors (CHARACTERISTICS)

• Speed control without impact on the

power supply quality
• Changing armature voltage
• Changing field current

• Restricted use
• Few low/medium speed applications
• Clean, non-hazardous areas

• Expensive compared to AC motors

 • Separately excited DC motor: field current
supplied from a separate force

• Self-excited DC motor: shunt motor

Speed constant
independent of load
up to certain torque
• Field winding parallel
with armature winding
• Current = field current Speed control:
+ armature current insert resistance
in armature or
field current 30
 Self-excited DC motor: series motor
Suited for high
starting torque: • Speed restricted to
cranes, hoists 5000 RPM
• Avoid running with
no load: speed
uncontrolled
• Field winding in series
with armature winding
• Field current =
armature current
 DC compound motor
Suited for high Good torque and
starting torque if high stable speed
% compounding:
cranes, hoists
Higher %
compound in
Field winding in series = high
series and starting torque
parallel with
armature winding
 AC Electric Motor
An AC motor is more complex!...
Here’s a simplistic explanation…There is no
fixed magnet. Alternating current is run
through fixed coils of wire which then produce
a rotating magnetic field which forces the
current-carrying movable coil to rotate around
in a circle.
Tesla’s
AC Motor
AC Motors

• Electrical current reverses direction

• Two parts: stator and rotor
• Stator: stationary electrical component
• Rotor: rotates the motor shaft

• Speed difficult to control

• Two types
• Synchronous motor
• Induction motor
SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

• One stator winding

• Single-phase power supply
• Squirrel cage rotor
• Require device to start motor
• 3 to 4 HP applications
• Household appliances: fans, washing
machines, dryers
• Shaded Pole

• Split Phase

• Capacitor Start

• Permanent Split Capacitor

• Shaded Pole- have continuous copper loop
wound around a small portion of each pole.
The loop causes the magnetic field through
the ringed portion to lag behind the field in
the un-ringed portion.

• This produces slightly field in each pole face

sufficient to turn the rotor. As the rotor
accelerates, its torque increases until rated
speed is reached
• Small, single-phase motor
• Operates on AC
• Low starting torque
• Low efficiency
• Sizes = 1/20 – 1/6 Hp
• Not reversible except by reversing field
coils
• Used for light duty
• Split Phase- use both the starting & running
winding. The starting winding is displaced 90
electrical degrees from the running winding

• The running winding has many turns of large

diameter wire wound in the bottom of the stator slot
to get high reactance
• The current in the starting windings leads the
current in the running windings, causing a rotating
field

• During startup, both windings are connected to the

line
As motor reaches 80% of its running speed, starting switch
opens and stop the flow of current through the starting
winding

When power leads are connected to ends of running

winding, motor will hum

When power leads are connected to ends of starting

winding, motor will start and stop as centrifugal
mechanism closes and opens starting switch
• Used for starting loads such as fans, bench
grinders, laundry equipment, and machinery
tools

• Has a high starting current requirement and will

draw 5-7 times its normal running current when
starting

• Primarily single voltage motors

• Has low or moderate starting torque and limited

to about 1/3 HP
• Capacitor Start – are similar to split phase motor.
The main difference is that a capacitor is placed in series w/ the
auxiliary winding

• This type of motor produces greater locked rotor &

accelerating torque per ampere than does the split phase
motor

• Used for difficult starting loads

• Has a capacitor in the starting winding to give the motor more

starting torque

• Has a “medium” starting current requirement

• Will draw 3 to 6 times its normal running current when starting

• When approximately 75% of full load speed has been
reached, centrifugal relay opens set of switch contacts
in start-winding circuit
– Removes capacitor and starting winding from the
operating or running circuit
– Power consumption returns to normal rated level

• Constant speed motor

– Range of operation = 900-3600 rpm

• Sizes = ⅛ - 10 Hp
Permanent Split-Capacitor (PSC) Motor
• Used when a load requires a higher starting
torque than a shaded-pole motor can produce

• Very efficient

• Manufactured with higher Hp ratings than

shaded-pole motors
THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

• Three-phase supply produces magnetic

field
• Squirrel cage or wound rotor
• Self-starting
• High power capabilities
• 1/3 to hundreds HP applications:
pumps, compressors, conveyor belts,
grinders
• 70% of motors in industry!
• Operated only on three-phase AC
• Medium to high starting torque
• Low-, normal-, or high-starting current requirement
• Has no starting-winding
• Constant-speed motor
• Sizes = 1/3 – several hundred Hp
• 1 Hp & larger:
– Commonly used in industry
– Less expensive to purchase & operate than single-
phase motors
– Last longer, fewer parts & fewer reliability problems
How induction motors work
• Electricity supplied to stator
• Magnetic field generated that moves around
rotor
• Current induced in rotor
Electromagnetics

• Rotor produces second

magnetic field that
opposes stator magnetic Rotor

field Stator

(Reliance)
• Rotor begins to rotate
SQUIRREL-CAGE ROTOR
INDUCTION MOTOR

• Most common motors in industry

• Advantages:
• Simple design
• Inexpensive
• High power to weight ratio
• Easy to maintain
• Direct connection to AC power source
Components
• Rotor
• Squirrel cage:
conducting bars
in parallel slots
• Wound rotor: 3-phase, double-layer,
distributed winding

• Stator
• Stampings with slots to carry 3-phase windings
• Wound for definite number of poles
52
Induction Motors
 Squirrel cage rotor

Wound rotor

Notice the
slip rings
• The rotor turns when the moving magnetic field
induces a current in the shorted conductors

• The speed @ w/c the magnetic field rotates is the

Synchronous Speed of the motor and is determined
by the number of poles in the stator & the frequency
of the power supply
Ns – synchronous speed

f- frequency

P – number of poles
Speed and slip
• Motor never runs at synchronous speed but
lower “base speed”
• Difference is “slip”
• Calculate % slip:

% Slip = Ns – Nb x 100
Ns

Ns = synchronous speed in RPM

Nb = base speed in RPM
• Synchronous speed is the absolute upper limit of motor
speed

• At Synchronous speed, there is no difference between rotor

speed & rotating field speed – so no voltage is induced in
the rotor bars ; hence - no torque is delivered

• Hence; when running- the Rotor must rotate slower than the
magnetic field

• The Rotor Speed is just enough to cause the proper amount

of rotor current to flow – so that the resulting torque is
sufficient to overcome windage & friction losses : and drive
the load
 WOUND ROTOR INDUCTION MOTOR
• Has controllable speed
• Low inrush current
• Variable torque
 Squirrel cage rotor

Wound rotor

Notice the
slip rings
• Various performance characteristics can be obtained by
inserting different values of resistance in the rotor circuit

• Generally started w/ secondary resistance in the rotor

circuit

• The secondary resistance can be designed for continuous

service to dissipate heat produce by continuous operation
@ reduced speed, frequent acceleration, or acceleration w/
a large inertia load

• External resistance gives the motor a characteristic that

results in a large drop in rpm for a fairly small change in
load

• Reduced speed is provided down to about 50% rated speed

but efficiency is low
NEMA classifies induction motors according to:

• Locked rotor torque & current

• Breakdown torque

• Pull up torque

• Percent slip
• Locked rotor torque –min. torque that the
motor develops @ rest for all angular
positions of the rotor @ rated voltage &
frequency

• Locked rotor current – is the steady state

current from the line @ rated voltage &
frequency w/ the rotor locked
• Breakdown torque – is the max. torque that
the motor develops @ rated voltage &
frequency, w/out an abrupt drop in speed

• Pull up torque – is the min. torque develop

during the period of acceleration from rest to
the speed that breakdown torque occurs
TYPICAL SPEEDTORQUE CURVES FOR
NEMA DESIGN A, B, C, & D MOTORS
• Design A –have higher breakdown torque
than Design B. Usually designed for a
specific use (slip is 5% or less)

• Design B- account for most of the induction

motors sold. Often referred to as General
Purpose motors (slip is 5% or less)
• Design C- have high starting torque w/
normal starting current and low slip. This
designed is normally used where breakaway
loads are high @ starting, but normally run @
rated full load, & are not subject to high
overload demands after running speed has
been reached (slip is 5% or less)
• Design D- exhibit high slip (5 to 13%), very
high starting torque ,low starting current, &
low full load speed. Because of high slip,
speed can drop when fluctuating loads are
encountered. These motors are available
only on a special order basis
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

• Constant speed fixed by system frequency

• DC for excitation and low starting torque:
suited for low load applications
• Can improve power factor: suited for high
electricity use systems
• Synchronous speed (Ns):

Ns = 120 f / P f = supply frequency

P = number of poles
This motor are 3-phase AC motors w/c run @
synchronous speed – w/out SLIP

• In induction motor: - the rotor must have some “slip”

• The rotor speed must be less than, or lag behind,
that of the rotating stator flux in order for current to
be induced into the rotor

• If an induction motor rotor were to achieve

synchronous speed, no lines of force would cut
through the rotor, so no current would be induced in
the rotor and no torque would be develop)
CHARACTERISTICS (SCRIM):
• Initial cost is more than the induction motor due to
the expense of the wound rotor & synchronous
circuitry. The initial cost are often off-set by:

• Precise speed regulation makes the synchronous

motor an ideal choice for certain industrial
processes and as a prime mover for generators

• Have speed/torque characteristics w/c are ideally

suited for direct drive of large horsepower, low rpm
loads such as reciprocating compressors
• The stator is similar to induction motor

• The wound rotor (rotating field) w/c has the same

number of poles as the stator - is supplied by an
external source of direct current (DC).

• Both brush-type & brushless exciters are used to

supply the DC field current to the rotor. The rotor
current establishes a North /South magnetic pole
relationship in the rotor poles enabling the rotor to
“lock-in-step” w/ the rotating stator flux
• Starts as an induction motor. The synchronous
motor rotor also has a squirrel-cage winding, known
as an “Amortisseur Winding”, w/c produces torque
for motor starting

• Synchronous motors will run @ synchronous speed

in accordance w/ the formula:
• e.g;

The speed of a 24-pole synchronous motor

operating @ 6ohz would be-

120 (60/24) = 7200/24 = 300RPM

OPERATION:
• The squirrel-cage amortisseur winding in the rotor
produces starting torque & accelerating torque to
bring the synchronous motor up to speed

• When the motor speed reaches approx. 97% of the

nameplate RPM, the DC field current is applied to the
rotor producing pull-in torque and the rotor will pull-
in-step and “synchronize” w/ the rotating flux field in
the stator . The motor will run @ synchronous speed
& produce synchronous torque
• Photograph of a salient 8-pole synchronous
machine rotor
• After synchronization, the pull-out torque cannot be
exceeded or the motor will pull out-of-step.

• Occasionally, if the overload is momentary, the

motor will “slip-a-pole” and resynchronize. Pull-out
protection must be provided otherwise the motor will
run as an induction motor drawing high current with
the possibility of severe motor damage
 Efficiency of Electric Motors

Motors loose energy when serving a load

• Fixed loss
• Rotor loss
• Stator loss
• Friction and rewinding
• Stray load loss
Factors that influence efficiency

• Age
• Capacity
• Speed
• Type
• Temperature
• Rewinding
• Load
Motor part load efficiency
• Designed for 50-100% load
• Most efficient at 75% load
• Rapid drop below 50% load
Motor Load

• Motor load is indicator of efficiency

• Equation to determine load:

Load = Pi x  HP x 0.7457

 = Motor operating efficiency in %

HP = Nameplate rated horse power
Load = Output power as a % of rated power
Pi = Three phase power in kW
Motor Load

Three methods for individual motors

• Input power measurement

• Ratio input power and rate power at 100%
loading
• Line current measurement
• Compare measured amperage with rated
amperage
• Slip method
• Compare slip at operation with slip at full
load
Motor Load

Input power measurement

• Three steps for three-phase motors

Step 1. Determine the input power:

V x I x PF x 3
Pi 
1000

Pi = Three Phase power in kW

V = RMS Voltage, mean line to
line of 3 Phases
I = RMS Current, mean of 3
phases
PF = Power factor as Decimal
Motor Load

Input power measurement

Step 2. Determine the rated power:
0.7457 Pr = Input Power at Full Rated load in
Pr hp x kW
r hp = Name plate Rated Horse Power
r = Efficiency at Full Rated Load

Step 3. Determine the percentage load:

Pi Load = Output Power as a % of Rated

Load  x 100% Power
Pr Pi = Measured Three Phase power in
kW
Pr = Input Power at Full Rated load in
Motor Load

Result Action
→ Replace with more efficient,
1. Significantly properly sized models
oversized and
underloaded → Replace with more efficient,
2. Moderately properly sized models when
oversized and they fail
underloaded → Replace most of these with
3. Properly sized energy-efficient models when
but standard they fail
efficiency
Energy Efficiency Opportunities

1. Use energy efficient motors

2. Reduce under-loading (and avoid over-sized
motors)
3. Size to variable load
4. Improve power quality
5. Rewinding
6. Power factor correction by capacitors
7. Improve maintenance
8. Speed control of induction motor
Use Energy Efficient Motors

• Reduce intrinsic motor losses

• Efficiency 3-7% higher
• Wide range of ratings
• More expensive but
rapid payback
• Best to replace when
existing motors fail
 Use Energy Efficient Motors

Power Loss Area Efficiency Improvement

1. Fixed loss (iron) Use of thinner gauge, lower loss core steel reduces eddy current
losses. Longer core adds more steel to the design, which reduces
losses due to lower operating flux densities.

2. Stator I2R Use of more copper & larger conductors increases cross sectional
area of stator windings. This lower resistance (R) of the windings
& reduces losses due to current flow (I)

3 Rotor I2R Use of larger rotor conductor bars increases size of cross section,
lowering conductor resistance (R) & losses due to current flow (I)

4 Friction & Winding Use of low loss fan design reduces losses due to air movement

5. Stray Load Loss Use of optimized design & strict quality control procedures
minimizes stray load losses
Reduce Under-loading

• Reasons for under-loading

• Large safety factor when selecting motor
• Under-utilization of equipment
• Maintain outputs at desired level even at low
input voltages
• High starting torque is required

• Consequences of under-loading
• Increased motor losses
• Reduced motor efficiency
• Reduced power factor
Reduce Under-loading

• Replace with smaller motor

• If motor operates at <50%
• Not if motor operates at 60-70%

• Operate in star mode

• If motors consistently operate at <40%
• Inexpensive and effective
• Motor electrically downsized by wire
reconfiguration
• Motor speed and voltage reduction but
unchanged performance
 Sizing to Variable Load

• Motor selection based on

Motors have
• Highest anticipated load: expensive and risk
‘service factor’
of 15% above X of under-loading
rated load
• Slightly lower than highest load: occasional
 overloading for short periods

• But avoid risk of overheating due to

• Extreme load changes
• Frequent / long periods of overloading
• Inability of motor to cool down
Improve Power Quality

Motor performance affected by

• Poor power quality: too high fluctuations in
voltage and frequency
• Voltage unbalance: unequal voltages to three
phases of motor
Example 1 Example 2 Example 3

Voltage unbalance (%) 0.30 2.30 5.40

Unbalance in current (%) 0.4 17.7 40.0
Temperature increase (oC) 0 30 40
Improve Power Quality

Keep voltage unbalance within 1%

• Balance single phase loads equally
among three phases
• Segregate single phase loads and
feed them into separate
line/transformer
Rewinding

• Rewinding: sometimes 50% of motors

• Can reduce motor efficiency
• Maintain efficiency after rewinding by
• Using qualified/certified firm
• Maintain original motor design
• Replace 40HP, >15 year old motors instead of
rewinding
• Buy new motor if costs are less than 50-65%
of rewinding costs
Speed Control of Induction Motor

• Variable speed drives (VSDs)

• Also called inverters
• Several kW to 750 kW
• Change speed of induction motors
• Can be installed in existing system
• Reduce electricity by >50% in fans and pumps
• Convert 60Hz incoming power to variable
frequency and voltage: change speed
Maintenance

Checklist to maintain motor efficiency

• Inspect motors regularly for wear, dirt/dust
• Checking motor loads for over/under loading
• Lubricate appropriately
• Check alignment of motor and equipment
• Ensure supply wiring and terminal box and
properly sized and installed
• Provide adequate ventilation
 Feeder Circuit

• SEP must have about 3 times more

amperage capacity than the amp rating
on the nameplate of the motor

– for extra amps for starting the motor

– if motor is 20 amps, feeder ckt. must be at

least 60 amps
 Motor Duty
• Motor Duty = amount of time the motor is
operating under full load, and how much time
it is stopped

• Continuous Duty: constant full load for over

60 minutes at a time

• Intermittent Duty: fully loaded for 5, 15, 30, or

60 minutes
 Lubrication: Ball Bearings
• Pre-lubricated and Sealed: no
maintenance required

• Hand Packed: disassemble bearing and

hand pack with grease every 2-5 years

• Special Fittings: filler and drain plug

– remove bottom plug before greasing
 Enclosures

• Motors produce heat

• Cooling: fan on shaft, openings in end

• Must protect from dust, water etc

 Enclosures
• Drip-proof: (open-type)
– must provide clean air & keep water away

• Totally-Enclosed: no openings for

circulation of outside air through motor
– may use external fan
– higher operating temperature

• Explosion Proof: hazardous locations

 Overload Protection

• Excessive Current will flow to the motor if:

Load is too heavy

Voltage is too low

 Types of Overload Protection

• Built-In Overload Protection in Motor

– Manual-Reset Type
– Automatic-Reset

• Manual Starting Switch with Overload

Protection (breaker in switch)

• Magnetic Starting Switch with Overload

Protection (power tools)
• Time-Delay Fuse in Motor Disconnect Switch
• Current-Limiting Starters
 Other “Rules of Thumb”
• Fractional horsepower motors:
– Rated at less than 1 Hp
– Estimate 1200 W/Hp or PF of 1.2

• Single-phase motors (1 Hp or more):

– Use approximately 1000 W/Hp or PF of
1.0

• Three-phase motors:
– Estimated at 800 W/Hp or PF of 0.8
 Cost Calculation Problem
• Figure the cost of pumping 2000 gallons
of water with a ¼ Hp motor if it pumps
500 gallons per hour and the cost is 8
Peso/KWH.
– 2000 gallons ÷ 500 gallons/hour = 4 hours
operating time
– ¼ Hp = approximately 300 watts
(1200 watts per Hp ÷ 4)
– (300 watts X 4 hours) ÷ 1000 watts/KW = 1.2
kilowatt-hours (KWH) used
– 1.2 KWH X 8 Ppeso/KWH = 9.6 or 10 Peso
cost for pumping 2000 gallons of water
 Service Factor (S.F.)

• Amount of overload the motor can

tolerate on a continuous basis at rated
voltage and frequency
• 1.0 S.F.: no overload is tolerated for
extended periods
• 1.25 S.F.: motor can be overloaded 25%
for an extended period of time when
operated at rated voltage and frequency
• Common service factors for AC
(alternating current) motors:
– 1.15, 1.20, 1.25, 1.35 & 1.4
 Efficiency Calculation (Using a
S.F.)

• A 0.5 Hp electric motor is able to move

3000 pounds of potting mixture into a
storage bin. The motor has a S.F. of 1.2,
and an output of 550 watts. Is this motor
capable of performing this task?
• 0.5 Hp X 746 watts/Hp = 373 watts
• 550 W ÷ 373 W = 1.47, or an
additional 47% output is needed to
move the potting mixture
• 0.5 Hp X 1.2 S.F. = 0.6 Hp output
• The motor can only produce 0.6 Hp
(an additional 20 %) for a limited
time.
• 0.5 Hp X 1.47 = 0.735 Hp of output
needed
• This motor would burn up before it
moved all the potting mix.
• Is a ¾ Hp motor with a S.F. of 1.2 and
a 550-watt output capable of
performing the task efficiently?

– 0.75 Hp X 746 = 559 watts

– 550 watts ÷ 559 watts = 0.98 (98%-round

to 100)

– YES, the motor is suited to the task

 Type of Power Available
• 230-volt motor should not be used if only
115-volt circuits are available
• Three-phase motor cannot be operated on
electrical system with only single-phase service
• Typical Operating Voltages:

Single- Three-
Phase phase
115 208
208 230
230 380
240 460
460 480
 Environment
• Provide proper protection from
surroundings
• Typical motor enclosures:
– Open drip proof
– Splash proof
– Totally enclosed-fan cooled (TEFC)
– Explosion proof
– Totally enclosed-air over (TEAO)
– Totally enclosed-non ventilated
(TENV)
Motor Nameplate Information

• The nameplate provides information that

will assist a person in selecting the proper
motor for the job, in making installation,
and in energizing the motor with proper
voltage.
• Universal Electric Motor: indicates that this is a
standard replacement motor
• Thermally Protected: motor is equipped with
devices designed to disconnect the current flow if
insulating materials become too hot
• SER 12P 14666J: manufacturer’s serial number
• MOD HE3E207N: manufacturer’s model number
• STK. NO. 619: manufacturer’s stock number
• VOLTS 208-230: motor can operate on either 208
or 230 volts
• HZ 60: frequency for which the motor is designed
to operate
• AMPS 1.2: motor draws 1.2 amperes when
operating at full load capacity
• RPM-1025: indicates motor turns 1025 revolutions
per minute when pulling its rated load
• PH1: motor runs on single-phase power
• CAP5MFD370VAC: motor is equipped with a
continuous-operation run capacitor, rated at 5
microfarads and 370 volts AC
• INS CL B: motor has class B insulation, providing
protection up to 130oC (266oF)
• AMB 60oC: motor is rated to work at an ambient of
60oC (140oF)
• HP-1/5: motor is designed to pull a 1/5 Hp load
when operated at the rated voltage and cycle
• CONT: continuous duty
– Motor will pull rated load under rated conditions
continuously and not overheat
– May have INT: intermittent duty; rated for 5, 15,
30, or 60 minute operating times
• AO: air-over ventilation is used to cool this motor
• ROT REV: indicates direction of rotation of the
shaft
• BRG SLV: motor has sleeve bearings
• FRAME A48: designation that gives motor
dimensions based on NEMA standards
– Two-digit frame numbers ÷ 16 = distance in
inches from centerline of shaft to foot of base
• TYPE FH: indicates motor is a fractional-
horsepower motor
• SF 1.35: indicates motor will tolerate a 35%
overload for extended periods
• SFA 3.5: number of amps the motor will draw
when operating at the SF load of 1.35 times the
rated Hp
• HSG OPEN: indicates type of motor enclosure
• CONNECTIONS: wiring diagrams for installation
or changing direction of rotation
 Sizing Drives
• When operating speeds are changed,
horsepower changes in same proportion
– if equipment speed doubles, horsepower
requirement doubles

• Fans, Blowers, Centrifugal Pumps:

– speed increases, horesepower requirement
increases by cube of increment of increase

3 hp motor, double speed:

(3hp x 2 x 2 x 2) = 24 hp
 Pulley-and-Belt Drives
• Very common and easy to install
• Larger pulleys prevent slippage better
• To prevent slippage:
– Motors ½ Hp or less, use at least a 2” diameter pulley
– Motors larger than ½ Hp, use a 3” diameter pulley

• Jackshaft:
– Shaft with a pulley on both ends
– Recommended as part of the drive for equipment
designed to operate at less than 200 rpm
– Pulley connecting jackshaft to motor should be 12” in
diameter
 Pulley Types

• Standard V-Pulley

• V-Step Pulley

• Adjustable V-Pulley
 V-Belt
• Most popular drive used with electric motors

• Advantages:
– Motor may be mounted on or close to
machine
– Less tension is needed on the belt
– Belt stays on pulley better

• Very common on cooling fans and squirrel-

cage blowers
• Three sizes:
– FHP:
• suited for pulleys 2½” and less in diameter, on
motors of less than 1 Hp
• Thinner & more flexible than other V-belts
– A-Section:
• Heavier and can be used on small pulleys
• More slippage than the thinner belt
• Stiffness of belt prevents it from following
curvature of pulleys
• Designed for pulleys 3” in diameter or larger, on
motors from ¾ Hp to 5 Hp
– B-Section:
• Designed for use on motors of 3 Hp or larger, with
a motor pulley 5½” or larger in diameter
 Webbed Multi-V-Belt
• Made up of two or more V-belts
webbed together

• Main Advantages:
– Elimination of slippage
– Belt turnover
 Sizing Pulleys
• RPM of motor pulley X Dia. of motor pulley =
RPM of equip. pulley X Dia. equip. pulley
Example: Motor = 1725 rpm’s with 3” pulley
Desired rpm of equipment = 2100

What size pulley is needed on equipment?

1725 X 3 = 2100 X pulley
5175 = 2100 x pulley
5175 / 2100 = 2.46 or 2 1/2: pulley
 Belt Types
• FP = Fractional Power (3L): 2 1/2” pulley or
smaller, less slippage

• A-Section: (4L): heavier, larger pulleys to

prevent slippage (3” or larger)

• B, C, D, E: larger belts, larger pulleys

• Belt should have same width of groove as
pulley

• Top of belt should sit flush with top of pulley

 Factors Affecting Belt Life
• keep pulleys aligned

• adjust belt tension regularly & properly

• keep belts clean

• use proper belts

• never stretch belts or sheaves

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Electric Motors
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